Brown tide alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens, can affect growth but not survivorship of Mercenaria mercenaria larvae

Padilla, Dianna K.; Doall, Michael H.; Gobler, Christopher J.; Hartson, Amanda; O’Boyle, Kim

doi:10.1016/j.hal.2006.03.004

Cited by 35 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…Similarly, for Argo pecten irradians, the higher level of CO 2 depressed survival rates by 40% while bloom densities of A. anophagefferens decreased survival rates by 90%. Similar declines in survival (60%) were ob served in hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria larvae when fed bloom densities of A. anophagefferens (Bricelj & MacQuarrie 2007), although another study found that A. anophagefferens did not alter the survival of hard clam larvae (Padilla et al 2006). All of the negative impacts on the performance of indivi duals during larval stages (reduced sizes, decreased lipid content, and de layed metamorphosis) would be likely to translate into elevated juvenile mortality rates in an ecosystem setting (Ca ley et al 1996, Gosselin & Qian 1997, Munday et al 2010.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…HAB-forming dinoflagellates have been shown to cause mortality in multiple species of bi valve larvae, including eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica (Springer et al 2002, Leverone et al 2006, Stoecker et al 2008, Tang & Gobler 2009, northern quahogs Mercenaria mercenaria (Leverone et al 2006, Tang & Gobler 2009, bay scallops Argopecten irradians irradians and A. i. concentricus (Springer et al 2002, Yan et al 2003, Leverone et al 2006, Tang & Gobler 2009, and Japanese scallops Chlamys farreri (Yan et al 2001). In addition, the brown tide-forming pelagophyte Aureococcus ano pha gefferens has been shown to reduce survival, growth, and lipid content of northern quahog larvae (Padilla et al 2006, Bricelj & MacQuarrie 2007 and can slow the growth of larval bay scallops (Gallager et al 1989).Elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) are also a significant threat to coastal bivalve populations. CO 2 levels have risen by 40% since the industrial revolution (Caldeira & Wickett 2003), and the rate of increase has tripled since the mid-20th century (Fussel 2009, Friedlingstein et al 2010.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of CO2 and the harmful alga Aureococcus anophagefferens on growth and survival of oyster and scallop larvae

Talmage¹,

Gobler

2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Globally, the frequency of harmful algal blooms is increasing and CO 2 concentrations are rising. These factors represent serious challenges to a multitude of estuarine organisms as well as to efforts to restore depleted stocks of filter-feeding bivalves. In this study, we compared the responses of larval bivalves Crassostrea virginica and Argopecten irradians to the brown tide alga Aureococcus anophagefferens (250 × 10 6 cells l −1 and 1 × 10 9 cells l −1, respectively) and a gradient of CO 2 concentrations (~240, ~390, and ~850 ppm). Results indicated that A. anophagefferens and higher levels of CO 2 significantly depressed rates of survival, development, growth, and lipid synthesis of A. irradians larvae with the combination of both factors having the largest effects. C. virginica larvae were also negatively impacted by the harmful alga and elevated CO 2 , but displayed a higher overall survival rate when exposed to these combined stressors. For both species, high densities of A. anophagefferens (10 9 cells l −1) elicited a stronger negative effect on larval survival than high levels of CO 2 concentrations (~850 ppm). Collectively, these results demonstrate that the concurrent occurrence of harmful algal blooms and high CO 2 concentrations will have negative consequences for bivalve populations and further demonstrate that some species of larval bivalves are more resistant to these stressors than others. KEY WORDS: Bivalves · Carbon dioxide · Harmful algal bloom · Brown tide · Ocean acidification · Larvae · Shellfish · Crassostrea virginica · Argopecten irradians Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 464: [121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134] 2012 bivalves can play an important role in sustaining adult populations (Caley et al. 1996, Gosse lin & Qian 1997, Schneider et al. 2003, Arnold 2008. HAB-forming dinoflagellates have been shown to cause mortality in multiple species of bi valve larvae, including eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica (Springer et al. 2002, Leverone et al. 2006, Stoecker et al. 2008, Tang & Gobler 2009, northern quahogs Mercenaria mercenaria (Leverone et al. 2006, Tang & Gobler 2009, bay scallops Argopecten irradians irradians and A. i. concentricus (Springer et al. 2002, Yan et al. 2003, Leverone et al. 2006, Tang & Gobler 2009, and Japanese scallops Chlamys farreri (Yan et al. 2001). In addition, the brown tide-forming pelagophyte Aureococcus ano pha gefferens has been shown to reduce survival, growth, and lipid content of northern quahog larvae (Padilla et al. 2006, Bricelj & MacQuarrie 2007 and can slow the growth of larval bay scallops (Gallager et al. 1989).Elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) are also a significant threat to coastal bivalve populations. CO 2 levels have risen by 40% since the industrial revolution (Caldeira & Wickett 2003), and the rate of increase has tripled since the mid-20th century (Fussel 2009, Friedlingstein et al. 2010. These increases may ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of CO2 and the harmful alga Aureococcus anophagefferens on growth and survival of oyster and scallop larvae

Talmage¹,

Gobler

2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…To statistically evaluate the effect of CO 2 treatments on larval survival, goodness of fit tests (G Tests) were performed (46).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of past, present, and future ocean carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth and survival of larval shellfish

Talmage

Gobler²

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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328

265

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The combustion of fossil fuels has enriched levels of CO 2 in the world's oceans and decreased ocean pH. Although the continuation of these processes may alter the growth, survival, and diversity of marine organisms that synthesize CaCO 3 shells, the effects of ocean acidification since the dawn of the industrial revolution are not clear. Here we present experiments that examined the effects of the ocean's past, present, and future (21st and 22nd centuries) CO 2 concentrations on the growth, survival, and condition of larvae of two species of commercially and ecologically valuable bivalve shellfish (Mercenaria mercenaria and Argopecten irradians). Larvae grown under near preindustrial CO 2 concentrations (250 ppm) displayed significantly faster growth and metamorphosis as well as higher survival and lipid accumulation rates compared with individuals reared under modern day CO 2 levels. Bivalves grown under near preindustrial CO 2 levels displayed thicker, more robust shells than individuals grown at present CO 2 concentrations, whereas bivalves exposed to CO 2 levels expected later this century had shells that were malformed and eroded. These results suggest that the ocean acidification that has occurred during the past two centuries may be inhibiting the development and survival of larval shellfish and contributing to global declines of some bivalve populations.bivalve larvae | climate change | ocean acidification M ore than 8 Pg of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is released annually into our planet's atmosphere via the combustion of fossil fuels (1). About one-third of anthropogenically derived CO 2 has entered the world's oceans during the past two centuries (2) and atmospheric and surface ocean CO 2 levels are expected to reach ∼750 ppm by 2100 (3, 4). CO 2 entering the ocean decreases the availability of carbonate ions (CO 3 −2 ) and reduces ocean pH, a process known as ocean acidification. These changes in ocean chemistry may have dire consequences for ocean animals that produce hard parts made from calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ). The experimental enrichment of CO 2 to levels expected in the coming century has been shown to dramatically alter the growth, survival, and morphology of numerous calcifying organisms including coccolithophores, coral reefs, crustose coralline algae, echinoderms, foraminifera, and pteropods (5-7). Many shellfish also produce calcareous shells, and juvenile and adult clams, mussels, and oysters have been shown to be adversely affected by elevated CO 2 (8-12). The earliest life history stages of shellfish, larvae, have been shown to be especially vulnerable to high CO 2 , displaying large declines in survival and delays in metamorphosis at levels predicted to occur later this century, suggesting recruitment of these populations may be adversely impacted by ocean acidification (12)(13)(14).Although it is clear that calcifying ocean animals such as shellfish are sensitive to the increases in CO 2 projected for the future, the extent to which the rise in CO 2 that has occurred since the dawn of ...

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“…Feeding inhibition of juveniles occurred at A. anophagefferens densities !35,000 cells mL À1 (Bricelj, MacQuarrie, and Schaffner, 2001), and deleterious effects on growth of hard clam larvae can occur at densities as low as~50,000 cells mL À1 , which does not cause discoloration of the water column (Bricelj and MacQuarrie, 2007). As indicated above, brown tides exert their negative effects on hard clam larvae and juveniles primarily by inhibiting growth (see also Padilla et al, 2006), but they were also found to cause high mortalities of small juveniles (2-3 mm SL) under field conditions (Greenfield and Lonsdale, 2002). Toxicity of an A. anophagefferens strain CCMP 1794, isolated from BB in 1997, was confirmed via a bioassay that measures the reduction in clearance rate of juvenile mussels, although its toxicity was lower than that of a Long Island isolate (Bricelj, unpublished data).…”

Section: Brown Tidementioning

confidence: 95%

Effects of Coverage by Benthic Seaweed Mats on (Northern Quahog = Hard Clam) Mercenaria Mercenaria in a Eutrophic Estuary

Tyler¹

2007

Journal of Shellfish Research

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Brown tide alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens, can affect growth but not survivorship of Mercenaria mercenaria larvae

Cited by 35 publications

References 49 publications

Effects of CO2 and the harmful alga Aureococcus anophagefferens on growth and survival of oyster and scallop larvae

Effects of CO2 and the harmful alga Aureococcus anophagefferens on growth and survival of oyster and scallop larvae

Effects of past, present, and future ocean carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth and survival of larval shellfish

Effects of Coverage by Benthic Seaweed Mats on (Northern Quahog = Hard Clam) Mercenaria Mercenaria in a Eutrophic Estuary

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