Broadband Millimeter-Wave Propagation Measurements and Models Using Adaptive-Beam Antennas for Outdoor Urban Cellular Communications

Coverage and rate analysis in the uplink of millimeter wave cellular networks with fractional power control

“…The measurement showed that mmWave signals propagate with pathloss exponent of 2 in LOS paths and a much higher pathloss exponent with additional shadowing in NLOS paths [1,8]. Furthermore, the NLOS pathloss exponent tends to be more dependent on the scattering environment [11], with typical measured values ranging from 3.2 to 5.8 [1,8].…”

“…However, such frequency bands have long been deemed unsuitable for cellular communications due to the large free space pathloss and poor penetration (i.e., blockage effect) through materials such as water and concrete. Only recently did survey measurements and *Correspondence: oluwakayode.onireti@glasgow.ac.uk 1 School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, G12 8QQ Glasgow, UK Full list of author information is available at the end of the article capacity studies of mmWave technology reveal its promise for urban small cell deployments [1,[6][7][8]. In addition to the huge available bandwidth in the mmWave band, the smaller wavelength associated with the band allows for the use of more miniaturized antennas at the same physical area of the transmitter and receiver to provide array gain [2,6].…”

“…As a result of the blockage effect associated with mmWave, outdoor mmWave base stations (BSs) are more likely to serve outdoor users since mmWave signals suffer severe penetration losses [10]. Also, it has been revealed via the channel measurement in [1,8] that blockages result in a significant difference between the line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-ofsight (NLOS) pathloss characteristics. The measurement showed that mmWave signals propagate with pathloss exponent of 2 in LOS paths and a much higher pathloss exponent with additional shadowing in NLOS paths [1,8].…”

“…Also, it has been revealed via the channel measurement in [1,8] that blockages result in a significant difference between the line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-ofsight (NLOS) pathloss characteristics. The measurement showed that mmWave signals propagate with pathloss exponent of 2 in LOS paths and a much higher pathloss exponent with additional shadowing in NLOS paths [1,8]. Furthermore, the NLOS pathloss exponent tends to be more dependent on the scattering environment [11], with typical measured values ranging from 3.2 to 5.8 [1,8].…”

60 GHz Modular Antenna Array Link Budget Estimation with WiGig Baseband and Millimeter-Wave Specific Attenuation

“…Among the various requirements for next-generation wireless systems (for both cellular and access), achieving multigigabit/s data rates is one of key requirements, and millimeterwave (mmWave) wireless technologies have been mainly considered to achieve this goal where the considering mmWave frequencies are 28 GHz [1], 38 GHz (or 39 GHz) [2,3], 60 GHz [4], and 73 GHz [5] bands. The use of mmWave bands for next-generation wireless systems could offer ultra-wideband spectrum availability and increased channel capacity.…”