Bridging the Gap between Knowing and Modeling Viruses in Marine Systems—An Upcoming Frontier

Mateus, Marcos

doi:10.3389/fmars.2016.00284

Cited by 32 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 149 publications

(240 reference statements)

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“…From a theoretical point of view, intracellular descriptions replicate singleinfection-cycle data (You et al 2002), but their level of detail renders these models computationally expensive and difficult to parametrize (Birch et al 2012) and therefore impractical for the study of the long-term behavior of any specific host-virus system. Ecosystem models, for instance, rarely include viruses, or they are included (due to computational constraints) with simplified terms that neglect plasticity (Mateus 2017). On the other hand, optimal (i.e., fitnessmaximizing) latent periods have been estimated using fixed viral traits and/or fixed host concentrations accounting for host quality (Wang et al 1996;Abedon et al 2001), although decoupling host growth rate and density precludes these calculations from predicting the dynamics of the system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Viral Plasticity

Choua

Bonachela

2019

The American Naturalist

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Viruses use the host machinery to replicate, and their performance thus depends on the host's physiological state. For bacteriophages, this link between host and viral performance has been characterized empirically and with intracellular theories. Such theories are too detailed to be included in models that study host-phage interactions in the long term, which hinders our understanding of systems that range from pathogens infecting gut bacteria to marine phage shaping the oceans. Here, we combined data and models to study the short-and long-term consequences that host physiology has on bacteriophage performance. We compiled data showing the dependence of lytic-phage traits on host growth rate (referred to as viral phenotypic plasticity) to deduce simple expressions that represent such plasticity. Including these expressions in a standard host-phage model allowed us to understand mechanistically how viral plasticity affects emergent evolutionary strategies and the population dynamics associated with different environmental scenarios including, for example, nutrient pulses or host starvation. Moreover, we show that plasticity on the offspring number drives the phage ecological and evolutionary dynamics by reinforcing feedbacks between host, virus, and environment. Standard models neglect viral plasticity, which therefore handicaps their predictive ability in realistic scenarios. Our results highlight the importance of viral plasticity to unravel host-phage interactions and the need of laboratory and field experiments to characterize viral plastic responses across systems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Viral Plasticity

Choua

Bonachela

2019

The American Naturalist

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“…And despite the physiological and ecological detail rarely considered en suite in state-of-the-art models, not all processes relevant to achieve full consistency between observations and simulations, are taken into account. For example, viral infection may influence phytoplankton mortality rate (Brussaard, 2004;Mateus, 2017) and variable sinking velocity (Wirtz, 2013) can lead to a different reduction of Chl a .…”

Section: Model Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

A Trait-Based Framework for Explaining Non-additive Effects of Multiple Stressors on Plankton Communities

2019

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“…Indeed, precise estimations of virulence and resistance parameters, and how they co-evolve, are required for modelling the flow of energy and matter in the oceans [6]. Resolving the mechanisms underlying these interactions and their significance to bloom development represents one of the major challenges for future research on ocean ecosystems dynamics under climate change [7] [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus-host coexistence in phytoplankton through the genomic lens

Yau

Krasovec

Rombauts

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Phytoplankton-virus interactions are major determinants of geochemical cycles in the oceans. Viruses are responsible for the redirection of carbon and nutrients away from larger organisms back towards microorganisms via the lysis of microalgae in a process coined the 'viral shunt'. Virus-host interactions are generally expected to follow 'boom and bust' dynamics, whereby a numerically dominant strain is lysed and replaced by a virus resistant strain. Here, we isolated a microalga and its infective nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDV) concomitantly from the environment in the surface NW Mediterranean Sea, Ostreococcus mediterraneus, and show continuous growth in culture of both the microalga and the virus. Evolution experiments through single cell bottlenecks demonstrate that, in the absence of the virus, susceptible cells evolve from one ancestral resistant single cell, and vice-versa; that is that resistant cells evolve from one ancestral susceptible cell. This provides evidence that the observed sustained viral production is the consequence of a minority of virus-susceptible cells. The emergence of these cells is explained by low-level phase switching between virus-resistant and virus-susceptible phenotypes, akin to a bet hedging strategy. Whole genome sequencing and analysis of the ~14 Mb microalga and the ~200 kb virus points towards ancient speciation of the microalga within the Ostreococcus species complex and frequent gene exchanges between prasinoviruses infectingOstreococcus species. Re-sequencing of one susceptible strain demonstrated that the phase switch involved a large 60 Kb deletion of one chromosome. This chromosome is an outlier chromosome compared to the streamlined, gene dense, GC-rich standard chromosomes, as it contains many repeats and few orthologous genes. While this chromosome has been described in three different genera, its size increments have been previously associated to antiviral immunity and resistance in another species from the same genus. Mathematical modelling of this mechanism predicts microalga-virus population dynamics consistent with the observation of continuous growth of both virus and microalga. Altogether, our results suggest a previously overlooked strategy in phytoplankton-virus interactions.

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Bridging the Gap between Knowing and Modeling Viruses in Marine Systems—An Upcoming Frontier

Cited by 32 publications

References 149 publications

Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Viral Plasticity

Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Viral Plasticity

A Trait-Based Framework for Explaining Non-additive Effects of Multiple Stressors on Plankton Communities

Virus-host coexistence in phytoplankton through the genomic lens

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