Brazilian P[8],G1, P[8],G5, P[8],G9, and P[4],G2 rotavirus strains: Nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic analysis

Abstract

Rotavirus epidemiological surveys with molecular analysis of strains are required for gastroenteritis control and prevention. Twenty-nine human rotavirus strains detected in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1986 to 2004 were characterized as P[8],G1, P[8],G5, P[8],G9, and P[4],G2 genotypes. The VP7 genes were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was performed. Strains of genotype G1 revealed two distinct lineages, G1-3 and G1-4; strains of genotype G2 grouped in lineage G2-1; G5 strains clustered with other Brazilians G5 strains and G9 strains were closely related to each other in lineage G9-3, distinct from the original G9 strains detected in 1980s. The VP4 genes were analyzed and P[8] strains fell into two major genetic lineages, P[8]-2 and P[8]-3. Our findings document an intragenotype diversity represented by lineages and sublineages within rotavirus circulating in Rio de Janeiro from 1986 to 2004, before application of a vaccine (Rotarix) in Brazil. This report emphasizes the importance of continuing monitor genotypes to verify if uncommon strains or newly strains are emerging to be specifically addressed in future vaccine trials.

Are Human P[14] Rotavirus Strains the Result of Interspecies Transmissions from Sheep or Other Ungulates That Belong to the Mammalian Order Artiodactyla ?

“…2 and 4, respectively). The G8P [1] guanaco rotavirus strain, Arg/ Río Negro/98, showed very close clustering with Arg/ Chubut/99 for the VP1, VP2, VP6, VP7, and NSP4 gene segments, but for the VP3, NSP2, NSP3, and NSP5 gene segments, more distant clustering was observed within the corresponding genotype (Fig. 2 to 4).…”

“…(iv) The G8P [14] strain Arg/ Chubut/99, isolated from a guanaco, also possessed several genotypes in common with three of the G6P [14] human strains, B10925-97, 111/05-27, and PA169, with only the VP1, VP7, and NSP4 genotypes differing. Furthermore, an additional guanaco strain (Arg/Río Negro/98) possessed a genome constellation identical to that of the Arg/Chubut/99 strain, with the exception of the VP4 genotype, P [1], commonly found in cattle but, interestingly, not yet detected in cattle in Argentina (16). (v) The bovine rotavirus strain Arg/B383/98, detected in the Argentinean region of the Pampas, shared 8 out of 11 genotypes with the two guanaco strains detected in the same time period in the Patagonia region (a distant area, with a very low density of cattle), suggesting a relationship between rotaviruses from guanacos and cows, perhaps transmitted through a third species in contact with both animals, like goats or sheep.…”

“…G12 might be the next important emerging strain, as it has been identified in sporadic cases and outbreaks in countries around the world (3, [6] in Africa or, more specifically, G8P [6] in Malawi and G5P [8] in Brazil, are regionally prevalent (1,10,29,47). Additional G types (G6, G8, G10, and G11) and P types ( [1], [3], [9], [10], [11], [14], [19], and [25]) have also been detected sporadically in humans (29,47). Many of these genotypes are believed to have originated from animal rotaviruses that were introduced into the human populations through interspecies transmission and/or gene reassortments, one of the major ways in which genetic rotavirus diversity is generated (12,27,29,43).…”

“…To elucidate the roles of ungulate camelids and ruminants as sources of P [14] rotavirus infection in humans, the evolutionary origins and levels of genetic relatedness of the human G6P [14] rotavirus strains and P [14] animal rotavirus strains were investigated by determining the complete genome sequences of the human G6P [14] rotavirus strains PA169, MG6, Hun5, B10925-97, and 111/05-27, along with those of the ovine strain OVR762 (G8P [14]), the guanaco strains Arg/Chubut/99 (G8P [14]) and Arg/Río Negro/98 (G8P [1]), the sable antelope strain RC-18/08 (G6P [14]), and the bovine strain Arg/B383/98 (G15P [11]). The two non-P [14] strains Arg/Río Negro/98 and Arg/B383/98 were included in the study, as their overall genome constellation proved to be related to the genome constellation of the P [14] strains investigated.…”

“…In addition, the Spanish ovine strain OVR762 (G8P [14]), the Argentinean guanaco strains Arg/Chubut/99 (G8P [14]) and Arg/Río Negro/98 (G8P [1]), and the Argentinean bovine strain Arg/B383/98 (G15P [11]) were also analyzed (8,39). RNA extraction.…”