Branched-chain amino acid catabolism depends on GRXS15 through mitochondrial lipoyl cofactor homeostasis

Abstract

Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are ubiquitous cofactors in all life and are used in a wide array of diverse biological processes, including electron transfer chains and several metabolic pathways. Biosynthesis machineries for Fe-S clusters exist in plastids, the cytosol and mitochondria. A single monothiol glutaredoxin (GRX) has been shown to be involved in Fe-S cluster assembly in mitochondria of yeast and mammals. In plants, the role of the mitochondrial homologue GRXS15 has only partially been characterized. Arabidopsis grxs15 null mutants are not viable, but mutants complemented with the variant GRXS15 K83A develop with a dwarf phenotype. In an in-depth metabolic analysis, we show that most Fe-S cluster-dependent processes are not affected, including biotin biosynthesis, molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis and the electron transport chain. Instead, we observed an increase in most TCA cycle intermediates and amino acids, especially pyruvate, 2-oxoglutarate, glycine and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). The most pronounced accumulation occurred in branched-chain α-keto acids (BCKAs), the first degradation products resulting from deamination of BCAAs. In wild-type plants, pyruvate, 2-oxoglutarate, glycine and BCKAs are all metabolized through decarboxylation by four mitochondrial lipoyl cofactor-dependent dehydrogenase complexes. Because these enzyme complexes are very abundant and the biosynthesis of the lipoyl cofactor depends on continuous Fe-S cluster supply to lipoyl synthase, this could explain why lipoyl cofactor-dependent processes are most sensitive to restricted Fe-S supply in GRXS15 K83A mutants.One-sentence summaryDeficiency in GRXS15 restricts protein lipoylation and causes metabolic defects in lipoyl cofactor-dependent dehydrogenase complexes, with branched-chain amino acid catabolism as dominant bottleneck.

Connections Between Amino Acid Metabolisms in Plants: Lysine as an Example

“…Recently, Cao et al (2019) also revealed that BCAA overaccumulation leads to up-regulation of the target of rapamycin activity, which causes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and actin-associated endomembranes in Arabidopsis mutants. In addition, isoleucine was found to serve as a precursor for the synthesis of b-alanine in plants (Rouhier et al, 2019), while in Arabidopsis, a metabolic relationship was revealed between BCAA catabolism and iron-sulfur clusters via the mitochondrial homologue GRXS15 (Moseler et al, 2020).…”