Brain Exosomes: Friend or Foe in Alzheimer’s Disease?

Kaur, Sharanjot; Verma, Harkomal; Dhiman, Monisha; Tell, Gianluca; Gigli, Gian Luigi; Janes, Francesco; Mantha, Anil K.

doi:10.1007/s12035-021-02547-y

Cited by 24 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 134 publications

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“…Associating exosome release with neurotransmitter release suggests that these biological nanoparticles may be preferentially localized to brain regions with high neuronal activity possibly due to greater demand of intercellular communication and coordination of cellular activity in these regions [100]. There are several reviews on this topic that provide detailed account of cell-cell communication via exosomes [52,53,[104][105][106][107][108]. Table 2 provides a brief summary of role of exosomes in intercellular communication in brain.…”

Section: Role Of Exosomes In the Central Nervous System (Cns)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Small but Mighty—Exosomes, Novel Intercellular Messengers in Neurodegeneration

Kumari

Anji

2022

Biology

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Exosomes of endosomal origin are one class of extracellular vesicles that are important in intercellular communication. Exosomes are released by all cells in our body and their cargo consisting of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids has a footprint reflective of their parental origin. The exosomal cargo has the power to modulate the physiology of recipient cells in the vicinity of the releasing cells or cells at a distance. Harnessing the potential of exosomes relies upon the purity of exosome preparation. Hence, many methods for isolation have been developed and we provide a succinct summary of several methods. In spite of the seclusion imposed by the blood–brain barrier, cells in the CNS are not immune from exosomal intrusive influences. Both neurons and glia release exosomes, often in an activity-dependent manner. A brief description of exosomes released by different cells in the brain and their role in maintaining CNS homeostasis is provided. The hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases is the accumulation of protein aggregates. Recent studies implicate exosomes’ intercellular communicator role in the spread of misfolded proteins aiding the propagation of pathology. In this review, we discuss the potential contributions made by exosomes in progression of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Understanding contributions made by exosomes in pathogenesis of neurodegeneration opens the field for employing exosomes as therapeutic agents for drug delivery to brain since exosomes do cross the blood–brain barrier.

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Section: Role Of Exosomes In the Central Nervous System (Cns)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Small but Mighty—Exosomes, Novel Intercellular Messengers in Neurodegeneration

Kumari

Anji

2022

Biology

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“…But in the case of AD, when there is a problem in lysosomes, then these MVBs containing exosomes are filled with Tau and Aβ, and are released into the extracellular space. From the extracellular space, exosomes are captured by microglia [ 138 ].…”

Section: Exosomes As the Mediator Of Aβ And Tau Propagationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aβ and Tau Regulate Microglia Metabolism via Exosomes in Alzheimer’s Disease

et al. 2022

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One of the most striking hallmarks shared by various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. The main pathological features of AD are extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and tau protein are the primary components of the plaques and tangles. The crosstalk between microglia and neurons helps maintain brain homeostasis, and the metabolic phenotype of microglia determines its polarizing phenotype. There are currently many research and development efforts to provide disease-modifying therapies for AD treatment. The main targets are Aβ and tau, but whether there is a causal relationship between neurodegenerative proteins, including Aβ oligomer and tau oligomer, and regulation of microglia metabolism in neuroinflammation is still controversial. Currently, the accumulation of Aβ and tau by exosomes or other means of propagation is proposed as a regulator in neurological disorders, leading to metabolic disorders of microglia that can play a key role in the regulation of immune cells. In this review, we propose that the accumulation of Aβ oligomer and tau oligomer can propagate to adjacent microglia through exosomes and change the neuroinflammatory microenvironment by microglia metabolic reprogramming. Clarifying the relationship between harmful proteins and microglia metabolism will help people to better understand the mechanism of crosstalk between neurons and microglia, and provide new ideas for the development of AD drugs.

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“…Exosomes are multivesicular particles released by almost all cell types. Exosomes produced by glial cells or neurons influence cell connections and consequently physiology via conveying miRNAs, proteins, and fats [ 18 ]. It has been demonstrated that microglia exosomes may affect the synaptic activity and move neuroprotective substances across cells.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alzheimer’s Disease: Understanding Its Novel Drug Delivery Systems and Treatments

Dhingra¹,

Choudhari²

2022

Cureus

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Around the world, there are no fewer than 24 million people who suffer from dementia. Through 2040, this number is expected to rise steadily every 20 years. Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent kind of dementia, is characterised by a steady deterioration in cognitive function that most often begins with memory loss. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered to be one of the leading causes of morbidity in the elderly. Around 5 million people in the United States have Alzheimer's disease. Still, because AD is common in the older and greying population, its prevalence is expected to rise dramatically in the coming decades. As the disease progresses, people with Alzheimer's disease frequently become dependent on caregivers. The Alzheimer's-diseased brain is characterised neuropathologically by diffuse and neuritic extracellular amyloid plaques, which are often ringed by dystrophic neurites and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. This particular disease is characterised by the presence of reactive microgliosis and the destruction of neurons, white matter, and synapses. The present review is done to study and learn about new treatments and novel drug delivery systems that may provide benefits to patients with AD. With the new drugs, treatments, constant care requirements, and lost productivity, Alzheimer's has a substantial financial impact on society. Therefore, better management and therapy are crucial. In this overview, we will briefly go through the current knowledge base about AD, covering the functions of beta-amyloid, tau proteins, and stem cell therapy, and elaborating on novel diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.

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Brain Exosomes: Friend or Foe in Alzheimer’s Disease?

Cited by 24 publications

References 134 publications

Small but Mighty—Exosomes, Novel Intercellular Messengers in Neurodegeneration

Small but Mighty—Exosomes, Novel Intercellular Messengers in Neurodegeneration

Aβ and Tau Regulate Microglia Metabolism via Exosomes in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s Disease: Understanding Its Novel Drug Delivery Systems and Treatments

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