Brain Activity in Valuation Regions while Thinking about the Future Predicts Individual Discount Rates

Cooper, Nicole; Kable, Joseph W.; Kim, B. Kyu; Zauberman, Gal

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0400-13.2013

Cited by 63 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Neural responses during time perception predict discounting rates, such that steeper discounting rates are associated with increased neural activity when judging short, compared to long, delays. 26 The ability to delay gratification and maintain goal-directed behavior in the face of cravings to smoke is critical to maintain smoking abstinence. These higher order cognitive functions rely on accurate time perception.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Time Perception During Smoking Abstinence

Ashare

Kable

2015

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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Introduction: Nicotine withdrawal leads to impulsive decision-making, which reflects a preference for smaller, immediate rewards and often prompts a relapse to smoking. The mechanism by which nicotine withdrawal leads to impulsive decision-making is not well known. An essential dimension of decision-making is time perception. Impulsive decisions reflect intolerance of temporal delays and the perception that time is passing more slowly. Sex may be an important factor in impulsive decision-making and time perception, but no studies have investigated whether sex moderates the effects of nicotine withdrawal on impulsive decision-making and time perception. Methods: Thirty-three (12 female) adult smokers completed 2 laboratory sessions: following 24-hr abstinence and once smoking-as-usual (order counterbalanced, abstinence biochemically verified). Participants completed 2 time perception tasks, a decision-making task, and self-report measures of craving, withdrawal, and mood. Results: During time reproduction, males overestimated time during abstinence compared to smoking, whereas there was no session effect for females. On the time discrimination task, smokers were less accurate during abstinence, and this effect tended to be stronger among females. In general, males had higher discounting rates compared with females, but there was no effect of abstinence. Conclusions: The current data suggest that the effect of abstinence on time perception may be stronger in males and that males generally exhibit steeper delay discounting rates. Time perception may be an important mechanism in smoking abstinence. Our future work will investigate the role of time perception in smoking relapse and whether this is moderated by sex.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Time Perception During Smoking Abstinence

Ashare

Kable

2015

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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“…In order to compare the differences in reaction time, we split participants into two groups of assessors and locomotors according to relative strength of regulatory mode orientations [32]. Assessment and locomotion scores were first converted to normally distributed z-scores, respectively.…”

Section: Behavioral Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results showed that assessors did not spend more time in making decisions than locomotors did (T = 1.083, df = 72, p = 0.282). Following cooper et al [32], we used two different approaches to examine the link between regulatory mode and delay discounting. First, we computed the correlations between two regulatory mode scores and delay discounting.…”

Section: Behavioral Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mediating role of LPFC–vmPFC functional connectivity in the relation between regulatory mode and delay discounting

Guo

Feng

2015

Behavioural Brain Research

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“…Impulsive choice uniquely relies on delay processing, and interval timing processes have been implicated as playing an important role in impulsive choice (Baumann & Odum, 2012;Cooper, Kable, Kim, & Zauberman, 2013;Cui, 2011;Lucci, 2013;Marshall et al, 2014;Takahashi, 2005;Takahashi, Oono, & Radford, 2008;Wittmann & Paulus, 2008;Zauberman, Kim, Malkoc, & Bettman, 2009). The dorsal striatum (DS) is a key target for timing processes as it has been proposed to function as a "supramodal timer" (Coull, Cheng, & Meck, 2011) that is involved in encoding temporal durations (Coull & Nobre, 2008;Matell, Meck, & Nicolelis, 2003;Meck, 2006;Meck, Penney, & Pouthas, 2008).…”

Section: Domain-specific Brain Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Individual Differences in Impulsive and Risky Choice in Rats

Kirkpatrick¹,

Marshall²,

Smith³

2015

CCBR

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Individual differences in impulsive and risky choice are key risk factors for a variety of maladaptive behaviors such as drug abuse, gambling, and obesity. In our rat model, ordered individual differences are stable across choice parameters and months of testing, and span a broad spectrum, suggesting that rats, like humans, exhibit trait-level impulsive and risky choice behaviors. In addition, impulsive and risky choices are highly correlated, suggesting a degree of correspondence between these two traits. An examination of the underlying cognitive mechanisms has suggested an important role for timing processes in impulsive choice. In addition, in an examination of genetic factors in impulsive choice, the Lewis rat strain emerged as a possible animal model for studying disordered impulsive choice, with this strain demonstrating deficient delay processing. Early rearing environment also affected impulsive behaviors, with rearing in an enriched environment promoting adaptable and more self-controlled choices. The combined results with impulsive choice suggest an important role for timing and reward sensitivity in moderating impulsive behaviors. Relative reward valuation also affects risky choice, with manipulation of objective reward value (relative to an alternative reference point) resulting in loss chasing behaviors that predicted overall risky choice behaviors. The combined results are discussed in relation to domain-specific versus domain-general subjective reward valuation processes and the potential neural substrates of impulsive and risky choice. Keywords: impulsive choice; risky choice; discounting; individual differences; ratImpulsive choice is measured by presenting a choice between a smaller reward that is available sooner (the SS) and a larger reward that is available later (the LL). Thus, the impulsive choice paradigm pits reward magnitude against delay to reward by essentially asking whether an individual is willing to wait longer to receive a better outcome (Mazur, 1987(Mazur, , 2007. Impulsive choice is indicated by preferences for the SS, particularly when those choices lead to less overall reward earning, and are thus maladaptive, whereas choices of the LL (when it is more objectively valuable) are indicative of greater self-control. Individual differences in impulsive choice are associated with numerous maladaptive behaviors and disorders such as: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Barkley, Edwards, Laneri, Fletcher, & Metevia, 2001;Solanto et al., 2001;Sonuga-Barke, 2002;Sonuga-Barke, Taylor, Sembi, & Smith, 1992), pathological gambling (Alessi & Petry, 2003;MacKillop et al., 2011;Reynolds, Ortengren, Richards, & de Wit, 2006), obesity (Davis, Patte, Curtis, & Reid, 2010), and substance abuse (Bickel & Marsch, 2001). Additionally, impulsive choice has also been posited as a primary risk factor (MacKillop et al., 2011;Verdejo-García, Lawrence, & Clark, 2008) and 46 COMPARATIVE COGNITION & BEHAVIOR REVIEWSKirkpatrick, Marshall, and Smith predictor of treatment outcomes (Broos, Dierg...

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Brain Activity in Valuation Regions while Thinking about the Future Predicts Individual Discount Rates

Cited by 63 publications

References 41 publications

Sex Differences in Time Perception During Smoking Abstinence

Sex Differences in Time Perception During Smoking Abstinence

The mediating role of LPFC–vmPFC functional connectivity in the relation between regulatory mode and delay discounting

Mechanisms of Individual Differences in Impulsive and Risky Choice in Rats

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