“…6,7 In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on the design and synthesis of low-cost nonnoble metal electrocatalysts, such as metal oxides, chalcogenides, carbides, phosphides, nitrides, and borides. [8][9][10] These transition metal oxides can improve HER performance by promoting water dissociation and enhancing H atom adsorption, thanks to their unique charged properties. 11,12 Fe 2 O 3 , as one of the most abundant and cost-effective minerals, has great potential as an electrocatalyst.…”