Botulinum-Induced Changes in Monkey Eyelid Muscle

Botulinum toxin for the temporary treatment of involutional lower lid entropion: A clinical and morphological study

“…This agrees with previous studies of orbicularis oculi after failed toxin treatment for blepharospasm and is in contrast to reported changes in extraocular muscle with toxin which reflects the unique structure of the external eye muscles. 8,9 No patient had a permanent relief of their entropion, which is consistent with the full return of orbicularis function. Only one patient has as yet had a recurrence of their entropion following surgery, although follow-up time is short (range 14-21 months).…”

Botulinum toxin for the temporary treatment of involutional lower lid entropion: A clinical and morphological study

“…This agrees with previous studies of orbicularis oculi after failed toxin treatment for blepharospasm and is in contrast to reported changes in extraocular muscle with toxin which reflects the unique structure of the external eye muscles. 8,9 No patient had a permanent relief of their entropion, which is consistent with the full return of orbicularis function. Only one patient has as yet had a recurrence of their entropion following surgery, although follow-up time is short (range 14-21 months).…”

Influence of Botulinumtoxin A on the Expression of Adult MyHC Isoforms in the Masticatory Muscles in Dystrophin-Deficient Mice (Mdx-Mice)

“…It is well known that BTX-A treatment indirectly induces masticatory hypofunction and muscle atrophy due to chemoinactivation [ 53 ]. Changes in muscle weight after BTX-A injection could also previously be found [ 65 ] and marked atrophy of paralyzed muscle fibres [ 5 , 55 ] is a common feature also seen under clinical conditions taking advantage of BTX-A treatment for masseter hypertrophy [ 66 , 67 ] and bruxism [ 68 , 69 ]. In animal experiments, the muscle fibres begin to show atrophy histologically within 10–14 days after injection and this atrophy continues to develop over 4–6 weeks [ 70 ].…”

Study of crotoxin on the induction of paralysis in extraocular muscle in animal model

“…Some studies show that the injection of botulinum toxin type A causes muscle alterations, proportional to toxin concentration (19) . Similarly to studies with crotoxin, histological alterations caused by botulinum toxin type A were reversible (20) . Changes observed in groups V and VI, that received crotoxin at concentrations of 15 μg and 150 μg, respectively, were more marked than the changes observed in other groups, and it is even more evident in the group of the highest concentration.…”

Botulinum toxin for the temporary treatment of involutional lower lid entropion: A clinical and morphological study

“…This agrees with previous studies of orbicularis oculi after failed toxin treatment for blepharospasm and is in contrast to reported changes in extraocular muscle with toxin which reflects the unique structure of the external eye muscles. 8,9 No patient had a permanent relief of their entropion, which is consistent with the full return of orbicularis function. Only one patient has as yet had a recurrence of their entropion following surgery, although follow-up time is short (range 14-21 months).…”

Influence of Botulinumtoxin A on the Expression of Adult MyHC Isoforms in the Masticatory Muscles in Dystrophin-Deficient Mice (Mdx-Mice)

“…It is well known that BTX-A treatment indirectly induces masticatory hypofunction and muscle atrophy due to chemoinactivation [ 53 ]. Changes in muscle weight after BTX-A injection could also previously be found [ 65 ] and marked atrophy of paralyzed muscle fibres [ 5 , 55 ] is a common feature also seen under clinical conditions taking advantage of BTX-A treatment for masseter hypertrophy [ 66 , 67 ] and bruxism [ 68 , 69 ]. In animal experiments, the muscle fibres begin to show atrophy histologically within 10–14 days after injection and this atrophy continues to develop over 4–6 weeks [ 70 ].…”

Study of crotoxin on the induction of paralysis in extraocular muscle in animal model

“…Some studies show that the injection of botulinum toxin type A causes muscle alterations, proportional to toxin concentration (19) . Similarly to studies with crotoxin, histological alterations caused by botulinum toxin type A were reversible (20) . Changes observed in groups V and VI, that received crotoxin at concentrations of 15 μg and 150 μg, respectively, were more marked than the changes observed in other groups, and it is even more evident in the group of the highest concentration.…”

Botulinum toxin for the temporary treatment of involutional lower lid entropion: A clinical and morphological study

“…This agrees with previous studies of orbicularis oculi after failed toxin treatment for blepharospasm and is in contrast to reported changes in extraocular muscle with toxin which reflects the unique structure of the external eye muscles. 8,9 No patient had a permanent relief of their entropion, which is consistent with the full return of orbicularis function. Only one patient has as yet had a recurrence of their entropion following surgery, although follow-up time is short (range 14-21 months).…”

Influence of Botulinumtoxin A on the Expression of Adult MyHC Isoforms in the Masticatory Muscles in Dystrophin-Deficient Mice (Mdx-Mice)

“…It is well known that BTX-A treatment indirectly induces masticatory hypofunction and muscle atrophy due to chemoinactivation [ 53 ]. Changes in muscle weight after BTX-A injection could also previously be found [ 65 ] and marked atrophy of paralyzed muscle fibres [ 5 , 55 ] is a common feature also seen under clinical conditions taking advantage of BTX-A treatment for masseter hypertrophy [ 66 , 67 ] and bruxism [ 68 , 69 ]. In animal experiments, the muscle fibres begin to show atrophy histologically within 10–14 days after injection and this atrophy continues to develop over 4–6 weeks [ 70 ].…”

Study of crotoxin on the induction of paralysis in extraocular muscle in animal model

“…Some studies show that the injection of botulinum toxin type A causes muscle alterations, proportional to toxin concentration (19) . Similarly to studies with crotoxin, histological alterations caused by botulinum toxin type A were reversible (20) . Changes observed in groups V and VI, that received crotoxin at concentrations of 15 μg and 150 μg, respectively, were more marked than the changes observed in other groups, and it is even more evident in the group of the highest concentration.…”