Bone structure and formation: A new perspective

A three-scale finite element investigation into the effects of tissue mineralisation and lamellar organisation in human cortical and trabecular bone

“…At a nanostructural level, it was assumed that the morphology is comprised of periodically distributed hydroxyapatite mineral crystals embedded in an organic collagen phase. This represents a simplification of the actual nanostructural arrangement which has been reported to also contain water (Weiner and Wagner 1998) and non-collagenous proteins (NCPs) (Olszta et al 2007). While some analytical approaches have considered these phases in their models (Hamed et al 2010;Martínez-Reina et al 2011), other finite element investigations (Ghanbari and Naghdabadi 2009;Yuan et al 2011) assume a mineral-collagen morphology, similar to that presented here.…”

Structure and mechanical properties of selected protective systems in marine organisms

“…Biogenic hydroxyapatite often forms around a collagen scaffold that directs growth (Fig. 6a) [62]. As shown in Fig.…”

“…As shown in Fig. 6b-c for fish scales, this causes the hydroxyapatite to take on Adapted from: (a) [62], (b) and (c) [64].…”

“…the structure of the templating constituent, in these cases type I collagen fibers [62][63][64]. As a result, the reactivity of the templating constituent has a significant effect on the adherence and structuring of hydroxyapatite in any biological material [65].…”

X-ray diffraction as a promising tool to characterize bone nanocomposites

“…At the nanostructure level (size less than 1 µm), bone can be considered as a multi-phase nanocomposite consisting of an organic phase (32-44% bone volume), an inorganic phase (33-43% bone volume) and water (15-25% bone volume) [13]. The main element of the organic phase is type I collagen that comprises 90% of the total protein [9].…”