Boiling Liquid Battery Cooling for Electric Vehicle

Hirano, Hirokazu; Tajima, Takamitsu; Hasegawa, Takeru; Sekiguchi, Tsuyoshi; Uchino, Minoru

doi:10.1109/itec-ap.2014.6940931

Cited by 40 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Several other cooling strategies utilizing a low boiling point liquid have also been demonstrated [103,104]. The cooling of a module of ten batteries with spacers made of porous material has been experimentally investigated.…”

Section: Liquidmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of Multiscale Thermal Transport Phenomena in Li-Ion Cells: A Review

Shah

Vishwakarma

Jain

2016

Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage

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The performance, safety, and reliability of electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems based on Li-ion cells depend critically on the nature of heat transfer in Li-ion cells, which occurs over multiple length scales, ranging from thin material layers all the way to large battery packs. Thermal phenomena in Li-ion cells are also closely coupled with other transport phenomena such as ionic and charge transport, making this a challenging, multidisciplinary problem. This review paper presents a critical analysis of recent research literature related to experimental measurement of multiscale thermal transport in Li-ion cells. Recent research on several topics related to thermal transport is summarized, including temperature and thermal property measurements, heat generation measurements, thermal management, and thermal runaway measurements on Li-ion materials, cells, and battery packs. Key measurement techniques and challenges in each of these fields are discussed. Critical directions for future research in these fields are identified.

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Section: Liquidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The entire module is submerged into a low boiling point dielectric liquid. Evaporated liquid is condensed in a heat exchanger and is pumped back to the module [103]. In a separate study, a piston-based mechanism has been investigated for improved control over the boiling process and better temperature uniformity [104].…”

Section: Liquidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Multiscale Thermal Transport Phenomena in Li-Ion Cells: A Review

Shah

Vishwakarma

Jain

2016

Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage

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“…These include taking advantage of the latent heat of vaporization through the use of heat pipes, or using evaporative heat transfer fluids in direct contact with the cells. [15][16][17][18][19] Additionally, solid to liquid phase change materials have been investigated, some employing a slurry of small particles of emulsified paraffin, and some employing carbon sheets impregnated with a phase change material. …”

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confidence: 99%

Surface Cooling Causes Accelerated Degradation Compared to Tab Cooling for Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells

Hunt

Zhao

Patel

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

140

107

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One of the biggest causes of degradation in lithium-ion batteries is elevated temperature. In this study we explored the effects of cell surface cooling and cell tab cooling, reproducing two typical cooling systems that are used in real-world battery packs. For new cells using slow-rate standardized testing, very little difference in capacity was seen. However, at higher rates, discharging the cell in just 10 minutes, surface cooling led to a loss of useable capacity of 9.2% compared to 1.2% for cell tab cooling. After cycling the cells for 1,000 times, surface cooling resulted in a rate of loss of useable capacity under load three times higher than cell tab cooling. We show that this is due to thermal gradients being perpendicular to the layers for surface cooling leading to higher local currents and faster degradation, but in-plane with the layers for tab cooling leading to more homogenous behavior. Understanding how thermal management systems interact with the operation of batteries is therefore critical in extending their performance. For automotive applications where 80% capacity is considered end-of-life, using tab cooling rather than surface cooling would therefore be equivalent to extending the lifetime of a pack by 3 times, or reducing the lifetime cost by 66%. Due to their high energy and power densities, Lithium-ion batteries are a very important component of electric vehicles, and their use has increased dramatically in recent years as the uptake of hybrid and electric vehicles has increased.1-3 One of the major challenges of using lithium-ion batteries in hybrid and electric vehicles is thermal management, 4 which is important in order to manage degradation at an acceptable rate whilst maximizing the performance of the batteries and reducing the risk of thermal runaway. 5-7Many studies have shown that increased temperature leads to an increase in the rate of degradation, 4,[8][9][10][11] therefore the effectiveness of a thermal management system is vital in order to maximize the lifetime performance of the pack. The design of a good thermal management system for a battery pack should consider both the overall temperature of the pack and both intra-cell and internal thermal gradients. Poor design of thermal management systems could be a major contributing factor in increasing degradation rates to unacceptable levels. 12There are many different techniques that can be used to thermally manage batteries in hybrid and electric vehicles. It is possible to use either air or liquid as the cooling medium, and both of these can be used in either a direct (with cooling medium in contact with the cell) or indirect way. In addition to this, different areas of the cell can be cooled, namely the surfaces of the cell or the cell tabs. 13,14 In general, systems employing air as the cooling medium are considered to be simpler and cheaper to implement, although the performance is limited especially in applications where there is a high heat generation rate or if the batteries are being operated in a high ambient tempe...

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“…BTMSs can be categorized into active and passive modes 3,4 . The active BTMSs circulate air or liquid through fans or pumps in cooling channels to extract the heat generated by batteries, while the passive BTMSs manage battery heat generation without consuming supplementary energy, and the examples include phase change materials cooling, 5‐10 hydrogel cooling, 11‐13 and boiling liquid cooling 14‐16 . As the modern trend toward increasing batteries' power density and fast charging performance, that is, higher C rates (for example, 2 C indicates the current that can fully charge or discharge a battery in 1/2 hour), the parasitic heat generation in batteries can increase, which poses extra challenges on the BTMSs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study of a direct evaporative cooling approach for Li‐ion battery thermal management

Zhao

Liu

et al. 2020

Int J Energy Res

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Summary A desirable operating temperature range and small temperature gradient is beneficial to the safety and longevity of lithium‐ion (Li‐ion) batteries, and battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) play a critical role in achieving the temperature control. Having the advantages of direct access and low viscosity, air is widely used as a cooling medium in BTMSs. In this paper, an air‐based BTMS is modified by integrating a direct evaporative cooling (DEC) system, which helps reduce the inlet air temperature for enhanced heat dissipation. Experiments are carried out on 18650‐type batteries and a 9‐cell battery pack to study how relative humidity and air flow rate affect the DEC system. The maximum temperatures, temperature differences, and capacity fading of batteries are compared between three cooling conditions, which include the proposed DEC, air cooling, and natural convection cooling. In addition, a DEC tunnel that can produce reciprocating air flow is assembled to further reduce the maximum temperature and temperature difference inside the battery pack. It is demonstrated that the proposed DEC system can expand the usage of Li‐ion batteries in more adverse and intensive operating conditions.

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Boiling Liquid Battery Cooling for Electric Vehicle

Cited by 40 publications

References 0 publications

Measurement of Multiscale Thermal Transport Phenomena in Li-Ion Cells: A Review

Measurement of Multiscale Thermal Transport Phenomena in Li-Ion Cells: A Review

Surface Cooling Causes Accelerated Degradation Compared to Tab Cooling for Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells

Experimental study of a direct evaporative cooling approach for Li‐ion battery thermal management

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