Body Composition of Elite Female Distance Runners*

Graves, J. E.; Pollock, M. L.; Sparling, Phillip B.

doi:10.1055/s-2008-1025713

Cited by 27 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The analysis of individual data was based on all seven studies showing individual body-composition results (Graves et al, 1987;Heyms®eld et al, 1989a;Brodie et al, 1991;McNeill et al, 1991;Friedl et al, 1992;Withers et al, 1992;Sohlstro Èm et al, 1993) and three studies from our own laboratories (Marken Lichtenbelt et al, 1995;Fogelholm et al, 1996a,b). The above studies contained data on underwater weighing and one of the following methods: 3Cm, 3Cw, 4C, deuterium dilution, DXA instruments by Lunar (DPX) and Norland (XR-26), BIA equations by RJL Systems and by Lukaski et al (1985Lukaski et al ( , 1986, and skinfold equations by Durnin & Womersley (1974) and Jackson et al (1980).…”

Section: Analysis Of Individual Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of body composition methods: a literature analysis

1997

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Objective: To examine the comparability of different methods to assess percentage body fat (BF%) against underwater weighing (UWW). Design: A meta-analysis on 54 papers, published in 1985±96, on healthy, adult Caucasians. Methods: The mean BF% from different studies were treated as single data points. In addition to UWW, the studies included one or more of the following methods: 3-or 4-component model, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), dual-energy photon absorptiometry, isotope dilution, bioimpedance (BIA), skinfolds or near-infrared interactance (NIR). Within each of the methods, the analyses were done separately for different mathematical functions, techniques or instruments. Main outcome measures: Bias (mean difference) and error (s.d. of difference) between BF% measured by UWW and the other methods. Results: The 4-component model gave 0.6 (95% con®dence interval for the mean, CI: 0.1 to 1.2) BF% higher results than UWW. Also the 3-component model with body density and total body water ( 1.4 BF%, 95% CI: 0.3 to 2.6), deuterium dilution ( 1.5 BF%, 95% CI: 0.7 to 2.3), DXA by Norland ( 7.2 BF%, 95% CI: 2.6 to 11. Conclusions:The difference between any method and UWW is dependent on the study. However, some methods have a systematical tendency for relative over-or underestimation of BF%.

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Section: Analysis Of Individual Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of body composition methods: a literature analysis

1997

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“…5 Underwater weight was measured to the nearest 0.05 kg from a Chatillon scale (model [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Using a nitrogen analyser (Nitralyzer model 505; Kae Tech Instruments, Suatnico, Wisconsin, USA), residual lung volume was determined simultaneously with underwater weighing by the closed circuit oxygen dilution method described by Wilmore.…”

Section: Hydrostatic Weighingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone mineral density and body composition of the United States Olympic women's field hockey team.

Sparling

Snow²,

Rosskopf³

et al. 1998

Br J Sports Med

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Objective-To evaluate total bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition (% fat) in world class women field hockey players, members of the 1996 United States Olympic team. Methods-Whole body BMD (g/cm 2 ) and relative body fatness (% fat) were assessed by dual energy x ray absorptiometry using a Lunar DPX-L unit with software version 1.3z. Body composition was also estimated by hydrostatic weighing and the sum of seven skinfolds. Results-Mean (SD) BMD was 1.253 (0.048) g/cm 2 which is 113.2 (4.0)% of age and weight adjusted norms. Estimates of body composition from the three methods were similar (statistically non-significant): 16.1 (4.4)% fat from dual energy x ray absorptiometry, 17.6 (3.2)% from hydrostatic weighing, and 16.9 (2.6)% from the sum of seven skinfolds. Mean fat free mass was approximately 50 kg. Conclusions-The mean whole body BMD value for members of the 1996 United States Olympic women's field hockey team is one of the highest reported for any women's sports team. Moreover, the mean fat free mass per unit height was quite high and % fat was low. In this group of world class sportswomen, low % fat was not associated with low BMD. (Br J Sports Med 1998;32:315-318)

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“…This is clearly illustrated by the body mass index (Table 6). Except for two fencing and two swimming samples, the modern pentathletes had the highest mean index (21.60) of all the athletes, whereas the female runners had the lowest mean index, varying from 18.21 (Graves et al, 1987) to 20.92 (Clement et al, 1979). In the context of the athletic performance of elite athletes, it is of interest to know if this relatively high body mass is caused by a high lean or a high fat weight.…”

Section: Mesomentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of anthropometric characteristics in modern pentathlon performance in female athletes

Claessens

Hlatky²,

Lefevre

et al. 1994

Journal of Sports Sciences

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In order to determine the role of body build characteristics in modern pentathletes, 65 female participants at the IXth World Modern Pentathlon Championships, 1989 (Wiener Neustadt, Austria) were investigated. Of these, 54 participate in the competition; the other 11 were reserves. Their mean (+/- S.D.) age was 22.34 +/- 3.97 years (range 16.08-32.58 years). Anthropometric characteristics (body mass, lengths, breadths, girths and skinfolds), somatotype and body composition estimates were determined. Compared with other female athletes (e.g. swimmers, runners, fencers), the elite modern pentathletes were rather tall (x = 168.1 cm) and, as indicated by the body mass index (x = 21.6), they had a high mass relative to their stature. Based on skinfolds, body fat was estimated as 16%, and anthropometrically determined somatotype was on average 2.5-3.9-2.8. The relationship between the athletes' anthropometric characteristics and modern pentathlon performance was investigated by means of Pearson zero-order correlations between the physical traits and the competitive performance scores. Significant correlations were found mainly for the 'fat' variables, such as skinfolds, percent fat and the endomorphy component, r varying from -0.34 to -0.58, which indicated an inverse relationship between the amount of fatness and modern pentathlon performance. To investigate this relationship further, Pearson zero-order correlations were calculated between the respective factors scores, derived from a rotated factor pattern (Varimax) carried out on selected somatic variables, and the performance scores. The results demonstrated that, in relation to anthropometric characteristics, modern pentathlon performance in females is mainly associated with the 'fat development' factor, and to a lesser degree with the 'bone-muscle development' factor. Variables representing linearity of physique seem to be unrelated to modern pentathlon performance. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that 42.4% of the variance in modern pentathlon performance can be explained by the following anthropometric variables: sum of 10 skinfolds, biacromial breadth and humerus diameter. To obtain a high level of modern pentathlon performance, it would seem that a female athlete must above all have a low level of body fatness and, to a lesser degree, a relatively high level of lean body mass.

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Body Composition of Elite Female Distance Runners*

Cited by 27 publications

References 20 publications

Comparison of body composition methods: a literature analysis

Comparison of body composition methods: a literature analysis

Bone mineral density and body composition of the United States Olympic women's field hockey team.

The role of anthropometric characteristics in modern pentathlon performance in female athletes

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