BODIPY Conjugates as Functional Compounds for Medical Diagnostics and Treatment

Abstract

Fluorescent dyes absorbing and emitting in the visible and near-IR regions are promising for the development of fluorescent probes for labeling and bio-visualization of body cells. The ability to absorb and emit in the long-wavelength region increases the efficiency of recording the spectral signals of the probes due to the higher permeability of the skin layers. Compared to other fluorescent dyes, BODIPYs are attractive due to their excellent photophysical properties–narrow absorption and emission, intense fluorescence, simple signal modulation for the practical applications. As part of conjugates with biomolecules, BODIPY could act as a biomarker, but as therapeutic agent, which allows solving several problems at once-labeling or bioimaging and treatment based on the suppression of pathogenic microflora and cancer cells, which provides a huge potential for practical application of BODIPY conjugates in medicine. The review is devoted to the discussion of the recent, promising directions of BODIPY application in the field of conjugation with biomolecules. The first direction is associated with the development of BODIPY conjugates with drugs, including compounds of platinum, paclitaxel, chlorambucil, isoxazole, capsaicin, etc. The second direction is devoted to the labeling of vitamins, hormones, lipids, and other biomolecules to control the processes of their transport, localization in target cells, and metabolism. Within the framework of the third direction, the problem of obtaining functional optically active materials by conjugating BODIPY with other colored and fluorescent particles, in particular, phthalocyanines, is being solved.

Computational Analysis of the Behavior of BODIPY Decorated Monofunctional Platinum(II) Complexes in the Dark and under Light Irradiation

“…Boron dipyrromethanes (BODIPYs) are fluorescent dyes that have attracted considerable attention due to their excellent photochemical properties − and have been widely used in combination with Pt­(II) chemotherapeutic agents also because the introduction of the Pt atom in the BODIPYs structure should increase their efficacy in generating singlet oxygen enhancing the intersystem crossing, thereby favoring spin–orbit coupling. ,− …”

Recent Development of Photoresponsive Liposomes Based on Organic Photosensitizers, Au Nanoparticles, and Azobenzene Derivatives for Nanomedicine

“…It has high molar extinction coefficient and photothermal stability. 48 The heat released by BODIPY after absorption of visible or NIR light due to the photothermal effect generates bubbles in the membrane layer of the vesicles as a permeation pathway for the encapsulated material. 49 The phenyl unit of the BODIPY backbone is readily substituted by the electrophilic aromatic group of the halogen unit, which could have a greater 1 O 2 yield while possessing a longer absorption wavelength.…”

“…BODIPY is an organic compound formed by dipyrromethene and boron trifluoride. It has high molar extinction coefficient and photothermal stability . The heat released by BODIPY after absorption of visible or NIR light due to the photothermal effect generates bubbles in the membrane layer of the vesicles as a permeation pathway for the encapsulated material …”

BODIPY-labelled estrogens for fluorescence analysis of environmental microbial degradation

“…30 In particular, 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) dyes are used extensively in bioconjugation due to their excellent photophysical properties, such as intense fluorescence, high degree of photostability, and a scaffold that is readily tunable to different excitation and emission wavelengths. [31][32][33] Although BODIPY fluorophores possess a number of advantages, there are some practical challenges in using them in biological research. BODIPY dyes are widely known to form dimers and aggregates in polar solutions which affect their solubility, bioavailability, and fluorescence intensity.…”