Bluetongue Virus in Wild Deer, Belgium, 2005–2008

Lindén, Annick; Grégoire, Fabien; Nahayo, Adrien; Hanrez, David; Mousset, Bénédicte; Massart, Audrey Laurent; Leeuw, Ilse De; Vandemeulebroucke, E.; Vandenbussche, Frank; Clercq, Kris De

doi:10.3201/eid1605.091217

Cited by 50 publications

(57 citation statements)

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“…This outbreak was a new incursion initially affecting domestic animals but eventually spreading to local wild ungulate populations as well, for example, deer in Belgium [45,46]. Should the latter event result in more widespread and continuous infections of wild animals, we expect that our modelling approach will have less predictive power until it also incorporates characteristics of these wildlife populations (their distribution, abundance, movement patterns and infection status), quite different from those of domestic stock.…”

Section: (D) Further Consideration Of the Extrinsic Incubation Periodmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new algorithm quantifies the roles of wind and midge flight activity in the bluetongue epizootic in northwest Europe

et al. 2012

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The 2006 bluetongue (BT) outbreak in northwestern Europe had devastating effects on cattle and sheep in that intensively farmed area. The role of wind in disease spread, through its effect on Culicoides dispersal, is still uncertain, and remains unquantified. We examine here the relationship between farm-level infection dates and wind speed and direction within the framework of a novel model involving both mechanistic and stochastic steps. We consider wind as both a carrier of host semio-chemicals, to which midges might respond by upwind flight, and as a transporter of the midges themselves, in a more or less downwind direction. For completeness, we also consider midge movement independent of wind and various combinations of upwind, downwind and random movements. Using stochastic simulation, we are able to explain infection onset at 94 per cent of the 2025 affected farms. We conclude that 54 per cent of outbreaks occurred through (presumably midge) movement of infections over distances of no more than 5 km, 92 per cent over distances of no more than 31 km and only 2 per cent over any greater distances. The modal value for all infections combined is less than 1 km. Our analysis suggests that previous claims for a higher frequency of long-distance infections are unfounded. We suggest that many apparent long-distance infections resulted from sequences of shorter-range infections; a 'stepping stone' effect. Our analysis also found that downwind movement (the only sort so far considered in explanations of BT epidemics) is responsible for only 39 per cent of all infections, and highlights the effective contribution to disease spread of upwind midge movement, which accounted for 38 per cent of all infections. The importance of midge flight speed is also investigated. Within the same model framework, lower midge active flight speed (of 0.13 rather than 0.5 m s 21 ) reduced virtually to zero the role of upwind movement, mainly because modelled wind speeds in the area concerned were usually greater than such flight speed. Our analysis, therefore, highlights the need to improve our knowledge of midge flight speed in field situations, which is still very poorly understood. Finally, the model returned an intrinsic incubation period of 8 days, in accordance with the values reported in the literature. We argue that better understanding of the movement of infected insect vectors is an important ingredient in the management of future outbreaks of BT in Europe, and other devastating vector-borne diseases elsewhere.

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Section: (D) Further Consideration Of the Extrinsic Incubation Periodmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new algorithm quantifies the roles of wind and midge flight activity in the bluetongue epizootic in northwest Europe

et al. 2012

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“…It is unknown whether red deer can act as reservoirs. Prevalence of seropositivity over same time and geographic area was lower in roe deer (2.6 %; Linden et al 2010). In the UK, however, 142 wild deer samples, in areas where BTV-8 was circulating in 2007, tested negative for antibodies (Chris Oura, 2010 personal communication).…”

Section: Hazard Identificationmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Over this time, the number of red deer testing seropositive for BTV-8 increased to 50 % but there was no effect on mortality levels (Linden et al 2008(Linden et al , 2010. It is unknown whether red deer can act as reservoirs.…”

Section: Hazard Identificationmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Red deer normally becomes infected and viraemic, whereas the roe deer merely mounted an immune response and seroconverted (Linden et al 2010). There is very little information available on BTV infection in other species of deer; clinical disease has been reported in captive muntjac in North America (Hoff et al 1973) and antibodies, but no clinical disease has been demonstrated in Sika deer (Corn et al 1990).…”

Section: Hazard Identificationmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Qualitative veterinary risk assessment of the role of wild deer in the likelihood of incursion and the impact on effective disease control of selected exotic notifiable diseases in England

Hartley¹,

Voller

Murray

et al. 2012

Eur J Wildl Res

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A qualitative risk assessment was undertaken to analyse the likelihood of the incursion of selected exotic infectious disease into deer populations in GB and the potential impacts these animals could have on effective disease control. In order to identify the exposure pathways, it was necessary to consider not only the epidemiology of the pathogens but also to understand the impact of the ecology and behaviour of wild deer on disease transmission. It was concluded that the greatest risk of exotic disease incursion into wild deer in GB was disease incursions occurring in domestic ruminants first then transmitting to wild deer. The qualitative risk assessment considered geographic spread and habitats of wild deer and the susceptibility of wild deer to notifiable exotic diseases of domestic ruminants. Data of some diseases in some deer species is limited and the overall assessment of impact varied between diseases and deer species. Red deer pose the highest risk of the species reviewed. The overall risk assessment of low is primarily influenced by the low risk of incursion of exotic diseases generally into the UK.

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“…Bissonette et al 2008; RACC 2011) y el auge de trasmisión de enfermedades para animales y personas (e.g. Gortázar et al 2006;Linden et al 2010). …”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Evolución histórica de los bosques en Sierra Madrona y Valle de Alcudia (Ciudad Real) y dinámica del pinar relicto de Navalmanzano

García¹

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Realizado del acto de defensa y lectura de la Tesis el día 29 de enero de 2016 en Madrid. AGRADECIMIENTOS.Este apartado de la tesis sin duda es uno de los más fáciles y difíciles de redactar al mismo tiempo. Fácil porque se redacta al final, cuando todo lo duro parece haber pasado, pero sin duda complicado por temor a que alguien que se lo merece, por despiste, quede fuera. Han sido tantas las personas que han colaborado que difícilmente no quedará alguien sin citar, alguien que debería haber estado con una nota en el cuaderno de agradecimientos diario que nunca existió.En primer lugar mi mayor agradecimiento es para Luis Gil, por mostrarme siempre su apoyo, sacando tiempo de donde parecía no haberlo. Él me metió en la cabeza el interés de estudiar uno de los bosques más interesantes de España y aún de Europa, el pinar de la sierra de Navalmanzano. Gracias Luis, por tu continuo apoyo, enseñanzas e infinita paciencia conmigo.Un agradecimiento especial también, como no podía ser de otra manera, para Nikolaos Nanos, que se atrevió a codirigir esta tesis, con el que tanto aprendí de estadística y estructuración científica de proyectos. La introducción al "R" fue mi gran descubrimiento. Muchas gracias Nikos por todo el tiempo que me has dedicado.El desarrollo de los trabajos se enmarcó en el Convenio de Conservación y mejora de los recursos genéticos de coníferas. Nº P000720376, de la entonces Escuela Técnica Superior de RESUMENSe realiza un estudio multidisciplinar sobre la evolución histórica de una diversificada comunidad forestal para entender mejor su significado actual y poder así planificar más adecuadamente su futura gestión. Se contribuye además a reinterpretar los paisajes forestales ibéricos al demostrar la presencia histórica de especies autóctonas actualmente ausentes por causas antrópicas. Para tal fin se ha seleccionado la comarca de Sierra Madrona y Valle de Alcudia (Ciudad Real), por su alta diversidad forestal en el conjunto ibérico, europeo y mediterráneo. Aunque se revisan literatura científica paleobotánica e historiográfica antigua, medieval y moderna, el estudio se centra en los últimos 3 siglos, en los que se puede sintetizar su historia pues hasta el siglo XX pervivían aquí estructuras paisajísticas y sociales primitivas.Durante la Reconquista será la Orden Militar de Calatrava y, luego la Corona, quienes ostenten la propiedad de la comarca y disfruten de la riqueza de sus pastos y del monopolio mundial del merino, cuya lana era uno de los valores más cotizados de la Bolsa de Amsterdam hasta la aparición de los textiles sintéticos. Además existía una gran riqueza minera (mercurio, plata, plomo y otros metales). La población comarcal mantuvo largos conflictos con la demanda minera de leña y madera, y con los ganaderos invernantes que veían en el arbolado excelentes pastos de vuelo (ramón y bellota). Junto a la ganadería trashumante bajo la protección privilegiada de la Corona y centrada en el valle de Alcudia coexistía la ganadería local de pequeños propietarios que incendiaban reiteradamen...

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Bluetongue Virus in Wild Deer, Belgium, 2005–2008

Abstract: To investigate bluetongue virus serotype 8 infection in Belgium, we conducted a virologic and serologic survey on 2,416 free-ranging cervids during 2005–2008. Infection emerged in 2006 and spread over the study area in red deer, but not in roe deer.

Cited by 50 publications

References 9 publications

A new algorithm quantifies the roles of wind and midge flight activity in the bluetongue epizootic in northwest Europe

A new algorithm quantifies the roles of wind and midge flight activity in the bluetongue epizootic in northwest Europe

Qualitative veterinary risk assessment of the role of wild deer in the likelihood of incursion and the impact on effective disease control of selected exotic notifiable diseases in England

Evolución histórica de los bosques en Sierra Madrona y Valle de Alcudia (Ciudad Real) y dinámica del pinar relicto de Navalmanzano

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