Blood compatibility and cell response improvement of poly glycerol sebacate/poly lactic acid scaffold for vascular graft applications

Abstract

Plasma surface modification is one of the new methods for improving the surface properties of the scaffold and accelerating tissue regeneration. The aim of this study was to create poly glycerol sebacate/poly lactic acid (PGS/PLA) composite scaffold by electrospun method and modified the scaffold by oxygen plasma for use as a vascular graft. Plasma surface modified PGS/PLA scaffold morphology study showed relatively uniform fibers with an average diameter of 637 ± 149.4 nm and porosity of 82%. The mechanical evaluation of the PGS/PLA scaffold showed properties close to the natural vessels. Atomic force microscopy images exhibited an increase in the roughness of the scaffold after plasma surface modification; however, hemocompatibility studies revealed that it had no adverse effect on blood compatibility. Wettability studies revealed the superhydrophilic property of the modified scaffold (contact angle near to zero). Besides, the human umbilical vein endothelial cells proliferation and adhesion were improved significantly. Obtaining mechanical properties near to the natural vessels due to the suitable composition and significant improvement in blood compatibility and cell growth make the modified PGS/PLA composite a suitable candidate for vascular tissue regeneration.

Improving Biocompatibility of Polyester Fabrics through Polyurethane/Gelatin Complex Coating for Potential Vascular Application

“…The surface of the material had a high water absorption rate, which reduced the chance of protein adhesion. The improved hydrophilicity results in biodegradation rate will be discussed in the next part [ 30 ].…”

Biocompatible poly(glycerol sebacate) base segmented co‐polymer with interesting chemical structure and tunable mechanical properties: In vitro and in vivo study

“…Desirable mechanical properties, biocompatibility, biodegradation, and appropriate physical and chemical properties are the advantages of this polymer 6,10,12–14 . PGS or PGS‐based materials due to their numerous advantages over synthetic biodegradable thermoplastic polyesters have been used in many biomedical applications such as cardiac, vascular graft, cartilage tissue, nerve guide, and vocal fold 15–24 . Despite many advantages of PGS, like all polyesters, it is not highly stretchable and also has a very fast kinetic degradation rate 25–27 …”

“…6,10,[12][13][14] PGS or PGS-based materials due to their numerous advantages over synthetic biodegradable thermoplastic polyesters have been used in many biomedical applications such as cardiac, vascular graft, cartilage tissue, nerve guide, and vocal fold. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] Despite many advantages of PGS, like all polyesters, it is not highly stretchable and also has a very fast kinetic degradation rate. [25][26][27] To reduce and remove the PGS limitations, many studies have been performed by modifying or introducing new components into the PGS network.…”

Different methods of synthesizing poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS): A review

“…Several studies have targeted the comprehension and optimization of PGS synthesis and its properties, which have analyzed numerous variables ( Liu et al, 2007a ; Liu et al, 2007b ; Kossivas et al, 2012 ; Li et al, 2013a ; Li et al, 2013b ; Guo et al, 2014 ; Li et al, 2015 ; Moorhoff et al, 2015 ; Conejero-García et al, 2017 ; Gadomska-Gajadhur et al, 2018 ; Matyszczak et al, 2020 ; Perin and Felisberti, 2020 ; Vilariño-Feltrer et al, 2020 ; Martín-Cabezuelo et al, 2021a ; Martín-Cabezuelo et al, 2021b ; Wrzecionek et al, 2021 ; Ning et al, 2022 ). In addition to these fundamental studies, PGS has been used as a component of polymer blends ( Frydrych et al, 2015a ; Tallawi et al, 2016 ; Salehi et al, 2017 ; Gultekinoglu et al, 2019 ; Saudi et al, 2019 ; Fakhrali et al, 2020 ; Flaig et al, 2020 ; Gorgani et al, 2020 ; Kaya et al, 2020 ; Stowell et al, 2020 ; Xuan et al, 2020 ; Behtaj et al, 2021a ; Behtaj et al, 2021b ; Fakhari et al, 2021 ; Hanif et al, 2021 ; Mokhtari and Zargar Kharazi, 2021 ; Varshosaz et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ; Fakhrali et al, 2022 ), other composite materials ( Redenti et al, 2009 ; Chen et al, 2010 ; Liang et al, 2011 ; Gaharwar et al, 2015 ; Zhou et al, 2015 ; Rosenbalm et al, 2016 ; Souza et al, 2017 ; Tevlek et al, 2017 ; Zhang et al, 2017 ; Chen S et al, 2018 ; Abudula et al, 2020 ; Fu et al, 2020a ; Aghajan et al, 2020 ; Sencadas et al, 2020a ; Lau et al, 2020 ; Luginina et al, 2020 ; Rezk et al, 2020 ; Ruther et al, 2020 …”

“…In addition to these fundamental studies, PGS has been used as a component of polymer blends ( Frydrych et al, 2015a ; Tallawi et al, 2016 ; Salehi et al, 2017 ; Gultekinoglu et al, 2019 ; Saudi et al, 2019 ; Fakhrali et al, 2020 ; Flaig et al, 2020 ; Gorgani et al, 2020 ; Kaya et al, 2020 ; Stowell et al, 2020 ; Xuan et al, 2020 ; Behtaj et al, 2021a ; Behtaj et al, 2021b ; Fakhari et al, 2021 ; Hanif et al, 2021 ; Mokhtari and Zargar Kharazi, 2021 ; Varshosaz et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ; Fakhrali et al, 2022 ), other composite materials ( Redenti et al, 2009 ; Chen et al, 2010 ; Liang et al, 2011 ; Gaharwar et al, 2015 ; Zhou et al, 2015 ; Rosenbalm et al, 2016 ; Souza et al, 2017 ; Tevlek et al, 2017 ; Zhang et al, 2017 ; Chen S et al, 2018 ; Abudula et al, 2020 ; Fu et al, 2020a ; Aghajan et al, 2020 ; Sencadas et al, 2020a ; Lau et al, 2020 ; Luginina et al, 2020 ; Rezk et al, 2020 ; Ruther et al, 2020 ; Tallá Ferrer et al, 2020 ; Touré et al, 2020 ; Zanjanizadeh Ezazi et al, 2020 ; Piszko et al, 2021a ; Atya et al, 2021 ; Fakhrali et al, 2021 ; Rastegar et al, 2021 ; Talebi et al, 2021 ; Wang et al, 2021 ; Davoodi et al, 2022 ), or chemically modified/integrated in the development of PGS copolymers ( Tang et al, 2006 ; Wu Y et al, 2014 ; Aydin et al, 2016 ; Jia et al, 2016 ; Choi et al, 2017 ; Tang et al, 2017 ; Zhao et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2018 ; Wilso...…”