Blockchain for Future Wireless Networks: A Decade Survey

Abstract

The emerging need for high data rate, low latency, and high network capacity encourages wireless networks (WNs) to build intelligent and dynamic services, such as intelligent transportation systems, smart homes, smart cities, industrial automation, etc. However, the WN is impeded by several security threats, such as data manipulation, denial-of-service, injection, man-in-the-middle, session hijacking attacks, etc., that deteriorate the security performance of the aforementioned WN-based intelligent services. Toward this goal, various security solutions, such as cryptography, artificial intelligence (AI), access control, authentication, etc., are proposed by the scientific community around the world; however, they do not have full potential in tackling the aforementioned security issues. Therefore, it necessitates a technology, i.e., a blockchain, that offers decentralization, immutability, transparency, and security to protect the WN from security threats. Motivated by these facts, this paper presents a WNs survey in the context of security and privacy issues with blockchain-based solutions. First, we analyzed the existing research works and highlighted security requirements, security issues in a different generation of WN (4G, 5G, and 6G), and a comparative analysis of existing security solutions. Then, we showcased the influence of blockchain technology and prepared an exhaustive taxonomy for blockchain-enabled security solutions in WN. Further, we also proposed a blockchain and a 6G-based WN architecture to highlight the importance of blockchain technology in WN. Moreover, the proposed architecture is evaluated against different performance metrics, such as scalability, packet loss ratio, and latency. Finally, we discuss various open issues and research challenges for blockchain-based WNs solutions.

Blockchain en salud: transformando la seguridad y la gestión de datos clínicos

“…Al estandarizar y almacenar datos en una cadena de bloques, se elimina la fragmentación y se facilita el acceso autorizado a la información sanitaria. Los profesionales de la salud pueden colaborar en tiempo real, accediendo a un historial médico completo y preciso del usuario, lo que conduce a diagnósticos más precisos y una atención más coordinada, lo que a su vez optimiza los recursos y brinda una atención más centrada en la persona 6 , 17 .…”

“…Blockchain permite a los usuarios del sistema de salud tener un mayor control sobre sus propios datos sanitarios. Pueden dar acceso a profesionales específicos y revocarlo en cualquier momento, lo que garantiza la privacidad y la seguridad de su información sensible 6 , 17 .…”

“…Establecer estándares y regulaciones claras es esencial para garantizar una implementación segura y efectiva de cualquier tecnología. La ausencia de estándares y regulaciones específicas para la implementación de blockchain en el sector de la salud genera incertidumbre y la falta de directrices precisas en aspectos como seguridad, privacidad y cumplimiento normativo puede disuadir de adoptar esta tecnología 1 , 7 , 8 , 13 , 14 , 17 .…”

A Novel Deep Federated Learning-Based Model to Enhance Privacy in Critical Infrastructure Systems

“…The paper (Jalali & Chen, 2023) discusses security vulnerabilities in federated learning under IoT critical infrastructure and proposes security models and algorithms as solutions. The paper (Rathod et al, 2023) proposes an AI and onion routing-based secure architecture for IoT-enabled critical infrastructure to address security risks and protect user privacy, confidentiality, and integrity. Figure 1 displays the many elements that impact the usage of FL for cybersecurity, as well as the strategies employed by FL to attain these advantages.…”

Securing Optical Networks Using Quantum-Secured Blockchain: An Overview

“…Recently, blockchain technology has been incorporated into optical network architecture to build trust between untrusted nodes in the network by monitoring the network resources in a distributed manner [ 9 ]. Therefore, blockchain technology [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ] is used in optical networks to avoid such types of attacks by creating a decentralized environment [ 9 , 23 ].…”