Blockchain Based Spectrum Sharing over 6G Hybrid Cloud

Liu, Lei; Liang, Wei; Mang, Ge; Dong, Zhongping

doi:10.1109/iwcmc51323.2021.9498978

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…On the other hand, applying a DSM model which employs blockchain technology and CR to enhance the management of the radio spectrum assets in 6G networks requires a proper framework that facilitates the interoperability among blockchain, CR, and spectrum assets in 6G networks. To ensure scalability and performance in 6G spectrum management, many previous DSM-based blockchain methods were designed in a way where blockchain integration with external platforms and services is facilitated with the goal of reducing the overhead caused by significant spectrum resources [12], [13]. This integration is achieved in various ways, including smart contracts and consensus protocols.…”

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the 6G substantial resources and demand, there is a serious concern arises in relation to the scalability of this proposed model. On the other hand, a new dynamic 6G spectrum management model is proposed in [12] which integrates blockchain and hybrid cloud services with the goal of building a public engagement platform for IoT devices registration and management. This model employs reinforcement learning for spectrum sharing and management, including resource scheduling and classification.…”

Section: B B5g and 6g: Advancing With Dsmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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BSM-6G: Blockchain-Based Dynamic Spectrum Management for 6G Networks: Addressing Interoperability and Scalability

Cuellar,

Sallal,

Williams

2024

IEEE Access

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The radio frequency spectrum serves as a fundamental resource for wireless communication, encompassing various frequency bands allocated for diverse services and applications. Dynamic spectrum management (DSM) is essential to optimise the utilisation of this limited and valuable natural resource, with the aim of improving performance and adapting to changing wireless communication demands. Traditional static spectrum allocation methods have shown inefficiencies, leading to spectrum scarcity and under-utilisation. To address these challenges, the integration of blockchain and Cognitive Radio (CR) technologies has emerged as a promising approach. Blockchain, with its decentralised and secure attributes, can improve transparency and trust in spectrum allocation processes, while CR enables intelligent spectrum sensing and allocation to maximise utilisation. However, this promising approach comes with its own critical challenges, especially when dealing with the 6th Generation (6G) mobile communication. These challenges are related to the fact that the blockchain ecosystem needs to be interoperable and scalable enough to be compatible with the 6G high-demand and substantial resources. Specifically, integrating blockchain with CR requires efficient interoperability techniques where blockchain can easily and effectively interact with the CR platforms as well as radio spectrum environments. Furthermore, the spectrum management system over 6G networks needs to be designed in a way where massive 6G resources can be accommodated and managed without having any service performance degradation. This paper introduces a novel radio spectrum management model in 6G networks, named as BSM-6G, which integrates blockchain technology with CR where interoperability is preserved and scalability is maximised. Specifically, the proposed BSM-6G model merges blockchain's transparent record keeping with CR's intelligent spectrum management capabilities. To overcome the interoperability issue, BSM-6G provides an interoperable blockchain Oracle approach which facilitates the real-time interaction among the blockchain platform, the CR, and any data sources off-chain. This paper details all the technical and procedural challenges when implementing the proposed interoperability Oracle approach. To address the scalability challenge, BSM-6G utilizes the Proof-of-History (PoH) consensus protocol to align with the requirements of DSM in advanced networks like Beyond 5th Generation (B5G) and 6G. Evaluation results indicate that BSM-6G offers viable and less complex blockchain Oracle integration architecture measured by the technical implementation of BSM-6G, as well as low interoperability cost measured by transaction response time and transaction fee cost. Compared to state-of-the-art spectrum-based blockchain systems, BSM-6G shows a high scalable DSM-based blockchain in 6G networks measured by transactions per second (TPS).

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Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B B5g and 6g: Advancing With Dsmmentioning

confidence: 99%

BSM-6G: Blockchain-Based Dynamic Spectrum Management for 6G Networks: Addressing Interoperability and Scalability

Cuellar,

Sallal,

Williams

2024

IEEE Access

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“…To mitigate the aforementioned issue, many researchers incorporate blockchain with 6G technology, which improves security and system performance [ 47 ]. For example, Liu et al [ 48 ] integrated AI with blockchain for radio spectrum resource allocation in 6G-based enhanced URLLC service. They focused on resource scheduling, classification, and neural network optimization issues between IoT devices.…”

Section: Role Of Blockchain In 6g Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain-Driven Intelligent Scheme for IoT-Based Public Safety System beyond 5G Networks

Rathod

Jadav

Tanwar

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Mobile applications have rapidly grown over the past few decades to offer futuristic applications, such as autonomous vehicles, smart farming, and smart city. Such applications require ubiquitous, real-time, and secure communications to deliver services quickly. Toward this aim, sixth-generation (6G) wireless technology offers superior performance with high reliability, enhanced transmission rate, and low latency. However, managing the resources of the aforementioned applications is highly complex in the precarious network. An adversary can perform various network-related attacks (i.e., data injection or modification) to jeopardize the regular operation of the smart applications. Therefore, incorporating blockchain technology in the smart application can be a prominent solution to tackle security, reliability, and data-sharing privacy concerns. Motivated by the same, we presented a case study on public safety applications that utilizes the essential characteristics of artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and a 6G network to handle data integrity attacks on the crime data. The case study is assessed using various performance parameters by considering blockchain scalability, packet drop ratio, and training accuracy. Lastly, we explored different research challenges of adopting blockchain in the 6G wireless network.

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“…[14] investigates the potential of blockchain for doing resource management in 6G cellular networks, for the following use-case scenarios: device-to-device, IoT, and networkslicing. Dynamic spectrum sharing is studied in [15], where reinforcement learning is utilized to analyze the resourcesharing structure and spectrum-sharing process in a blockchain system combined with 6G hybrid cloud. Authors in [16] study the dynamics of block propagation and provide a closedform expression for block propagation time, in blockchainbased vehicular ad-hoc networks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Countering Active Attacks on RAFT-Based IoT Blockchain Networks

et al. 2023

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This paper considers an Internet of Things (IoT) blockchain wireless network consisting of a leader node and various follower nodes which together implement the RAFT consensus protocol to verify a blockchain transaction, as requested by a blockchain client. Further, two kinds of active attacks, i.e., jamming and impersonation, are considered on the IoT blockchain network due to the presence of multiple active malicious nodes in the close vicinity. When the IoT network is under a jamming attack, we utilize the stochastic geometry tool to derive the closed-form expressions for the coverage probabilities for both uplink and downlink IoT transmissions (which eventually translate to blockchain transaction success rate). On the other hand, when the IoT network is under an impersonation attack, we propose a novel method that enables a receive IoT node to exploit the pathloss of a transmit IoT node as its fingerprint to implement a binary hypothesis test for transmit node identification. To this end, we also provide the closed-form expressions for the probabilities of false alarm, missed detection, and miss-classification. Finally, we present detailed simulation results that indicate the following: i) the coverage probability (and hence blockchain transaction success rate) improves as the jammers' locations move away from the IoT network, ii) the three error probabilities decrease (i.e., chances of corruption of the blockchain ledger data due to false data injection by malicious node decrease) as a function of the quality of the link between the transmit and receive IoT node.

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Blockchain Based Spectrum Sharing over 6G Hybrid Cloud

Cited by 12 publications

References 11 publications

BSM-6G: Blockchain-Based Dynamic Spectrum Management for 6G Networks: Addressing Interoperability and Scalability

BSM-6G: Blockchain-Based Dynamic Spectrum Management for 6G Networks: Addressing Interoperability and Scalability

Blockchain-Driven Intelligent Scheme for IoT-Based Public Safety System beyond 5G Networks

Countering Active Attacks on RAFT-Based IoT Blockchain Networks

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