Blinking and Thinking

Holland, Morris K.; Tarlow, Gerald

doi:10.2466/pms.1975.41.2.403

Cited by 91 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Tasks involving speech or memory increase the blink rate, while those required visual fixation reduce the blink rate (Bentivoglio, Bressman, & Cassetta, 1997;Recarte, Perez, Conchillo, & Nunes, 2008). Daydreaming, which produces visual fixation, is associated with low blink rate (Holland & Tarlow, 1975). Other factors besides cognitive, visual and memory tasks also influence blink rate.…”

Section: Eye Blink Behavior and Detection Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although e-Learning session was based on the problem, the stress might be decreased due to the shared responsibility of a group activity. Less cognitive load or low stress, rich critical information or attractive visual information and engage in a computer or visual equipment are some reasons for a low frequency of eye blink (Holland & Tarlow, 1975;Nakano et al, 2009). E-Learners conducted problem based learning in this experiment and it was basically based on the communication among the participants.…”

Section: Wwwccsenetorg/iesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Introducing and Evaluating the Behavior of Non-verbal Features in the Virtual Learning

Dharmawansa¹,

Fukumura²,

Marasinghe³

et al. 2015

IES

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The objective of this research is to introduce the behavior of non-verbal features of e-Learners in the virtual learning environment to establish a fair representation of the real user by an avatar who represents the e-Learner in the virtual environment and to distinguish the deportment of the non-verbal features during the virtual learning session. The eye blink and the head pose, which can be considered as important non-verbal cues are detected by using a web-camera utilizing mainly the geometric method. Then the detected non-verbal cues are transferred to the virtual environment. When the e-Learner blinks eyes or/and moves his/her head, the movements are appeared in the virtual environment through an identical avatar. The result of the experiment depicts that the avatar appearance which can detect the real user non-verbal behavior has got a notable impact on the viewers' impression. In addition to that, the successful establishment of the real user's non-verbal behavior in the virtual environment enhances the effectiveness of the communication since avatar is able to facilitate the fair representation to the real user with visualizing the real user non-verbal behavior in the virtual environment. The analysis of the non-verbal behavior during the virtual learning activity specified that the eye blinking rate has decreased by 35% during the problem based learning session than the relaxing time in virtual learning due to low stress level, attractive environment and visual fixation. Furthermore, results demonstrate that there is a relationship between the internal statuses of an e-Lerner with the rate of eye blinking.

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Section: Eye Blink Behavior and Detection Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Wwwccsenetorg/iesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introducing and Evaluating the Behavior of Non-verbal Features in the Virtual Learning

Dharmawansa¹,

Fukumura²,

Marasinghe³

et al. 2015

IES

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“…Reading is a cognitive process that increases brain activity [16] which leads to longer inter-blink intervals. Another possible explanation for longer intervals is a reflection of the blinking concept as an interlude between ideas or sentences [15]. Figures 7, 8 and 9 show blink rate variability for all subjects during resting sessions and reading, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies suggested that blink behaviour during reading is under perceptual and cognitive control [16]. Furthermore, in 1972 Holland and Tarlow [14] not only defined blinking as a function of memory load, "such that the more the items in memory (and presumably the more the rehearsal activity), the fewer the blinks," but also suggested that blinking can be an interlude between ideas or sentences [15]. Researchers have shown the synchronous behaviour in blinking between a listener and a speaker in face-to-face conversation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blink rate variability during resting and reading sessions

Lenskiy

Paprocki

2016

2016 IEEE Conference on Norbert Wiener in the 21st Century (21CW)

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Abstract-It has been shown that blinks occur not only to moisturize eyes and as a defensive response to the environment, but are also caused by mental processes. In this paper, we investigate statistical characteristics of blinks and blink rate variability of 11 subjects. The subjects are presented with a reading/memorization session preceded and followed by a resting session. EEG signals were recorded during these sessions. The signals from the two front electrodes were then analyzed, and times of the blinks were detected. We discovered that compared to the resting sessions, reading session is characterized by a lower number of blinks. However, there was no significant difference in standard deviation in the blink rate variability. We also noticed that in terms of complexity measures, the blink rate variability is located somewhere in between white and pink noises, being closer to the white noise during reading. We also found that the average of inter-blink intervals increases during reading/memorization, thus longer inter-blink intervals could be associated with a mental workload.

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“…Telford and Thompson (1933) determined that spontaneous blink rates vary with the type of mental task. This fmding was extended to include the difficulty of the task (Gregory, 1952;Holland & Tarlow, 1972, 1975Luckiesh, 1944). Typical results show a U-shaped curve across the time course of a single trial which indicates an intermediate-level blink rate during times of no concentration, followed by a depression of blink rates during both the presentation and processing of information, followed by a flurry of eye blinks at the completion of the mental task.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of illumination and meter on spontaneous eyeblinks

Malmstrom

Rachofsky

Weber

1977

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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The hypothesis that blinking acts as a mask on visual information processing was tested. Twenty-four undergraduates listened to verbal presentations of poetry and random digits under illuminated or darkness conditions. Results indicated that the subjects' blink rates were significantly depressed during presentation of material relative to dead space paused. Results were contrary to the masking hypothesis.It has been suggested by Tarlow (1972, 1975) and Wegmann and Weber (1973) that changes in illumination caused by spontaneous eyeblinks may constitute a disruptive influence during the processing of visual information. The reason for this might be a masking process associated with blink-induced illumination change. There is some evidence bearing on this hypothesis. Yarbus (1967) states that the entire blink response, which begins with a slight upward rotation of the eyeballs, continues with the closing of the lid, the blackout period, and the opening of the eyelids to the full open position, will occupy up to .2 sec. (The blackout period is defmed as the period in which the upper and lower eyelids touch.) Lawson (1948) reported that the blackout period itself occupies between .03 and .10 sec. Thus, these figures taken together indicate that the blackout period of the eyeblink constitutes from 15% to 50% of the entire eyeblink process. Additional literature also has a bearing on the hy-. pothesis. Telford and Thompson (1933) determined that spontaneous blink rates vary with the type of mental task. This fmding was extended to include the difficulty of the task (Gregory, 1952;Holland & Tarlow, 1972, 1975Luckiesh, 1944). Typical results show a U-shaped curve across the time course of a single trial which indicates an intermediate-level blink rate during times of no concentration, followed by a depression of blink rates during both the presentation and processing of information, followed by a flurry of eye blinks at the completion of the mental task. Quite often the recovery interval blink rates appear to exceed the base blink rates, suggesting that there is an effort to "catch up" on one's blinking after release from a mental processing task. Ponder and Kennedy (1927) 163 blindness or in darkness. They present evidence that blinking is an internally generated activity which is only minimally influenced by peripheral external conditions, such as dryness of the cornea or illumination levels. But it remains to be determined whether the subjects' blink function in different illumination conditions can be related to information processing requirements during a trial.In this paper we propose several hypotheses relating blink rate and information processing. The masking hypothesis is concerned with why the blink rate during a trial decreases when information is presented and processed. It would state that blinking diminishes during information processing because blinking-induced illumination changes will serve to mask ongoing information processing. Blinking avoidance would then have the adaptive function of not inte...

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Blinking and Thinking

Cited by 91 publications

References 10 publications

Introducing and Evaluating the Behavior of Non-verbal Features in the Virtual Learning

Introducing and Evaluating the Behavior of Non-verbal Features in the Virtual Learning

Blink rate variability during resting and reading sessions

Effects of illumination and meter on spontaneous eyeblinks

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