Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in childhood: corneal involvement and visual outcome

Clinical Characteristics and Therapeutic Outcomes of Pediatric Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis

“…The results showed that there were more female patients (66%) than male (34%) and that the mean ages of symptom onset and referral were 8.3 and 9.5 years, respectively. These data demonstrating a female predominance in BKC are consistent with many previous studies, 5,7,13,15,24 although a few have reported either similar male-to-female ratios 3,14 or male predominance. 2,26 BKC onset has been reported to be at age 3-5 years in many studies involving diverse ethnicities, 5,7,13,14 while 2 others recorded onsets of 6.7 years among Indian patients 2 and 10.2 years among Asians (mainly Chinese).…”

“…Rodríguez-García et al reported 2 cases of corneal perforation and 2 of peripheral ulcerative keratitis among 45 corneal manifestations of BKC involving Mexican children. 3 Altogether, these findings support the notion that racial and geographic factors affect the sex predominance, onset age, disease severity, and prevalence of BKC.…”

Clinical Characteristics and Therapeutic Outcomes of Pediatric Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis

“…The results showed that there were more female patients (66%) than male (34%) and that the mean ages of symptom onset and referral were 8.3 and 9.5 years, respectively. These data demonstrating a female predominance in BKC are consistent with many previous studies, 5,7,13,15,24 although a few have reported either similar male-to-female ratios 3,14 or male predominance. 2,26 BKC onset has been reported to be at age 3-5 years in many studies involving diverse ethnicities, 5,7,13,14 while 2 others recorded onsets of 6.7 years among Indian patients 2 and 10.2 years among Asians (mainly Chinese).…”

“…Rodríguez-García et al reported 2 cases of corneal perforation and 2 of peripheral ulcerative keratitis among 45 corneal manifestations of BKC involving Mexican children. 3 Altogether, these findings support the notion that racial and geographic factors affect the sex predominance, onset age, disease severity, and prevalence of BKC.…”

Comparison of Meibomian Gland Loss Between Pediatric Patients with Blepharo-Keratoconjunctivitis and Age-Matched Controls Using Non-Contact Meibography

“…Non-contact infrared meibography provides a non-invasive and relatively objective method for visualizing meibomian gland morphology and may assist in differentiating severely destructive phenotypes such as BKC from milder entities such as allergic conjunctivitis, as well as in monitoring structural progression over time [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. The present results also support the need for an intensive and sustained treatment approach in pediatric BKC, with long-term follow-up to detect recurrent inflammation, progressive gland loss, and associated corneal changes at an early stage, which is essential for the prevention of amblyopia and other sight-threatening sequelae in this population [ 3 ].…”

“…In clinical practice, the present findings underscore the importance of early recognition of BKC in pediatric patients, as meibomian gland loss is generally considered irreversible once established [3]. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate anti-inflammatory therapy and lid hygiene may help preserve meibomian gland structure and function, stabilize the tear film, and reduce the risk of long-term ocular surface damage [6].…”

“…Inflammatory mediators in MGD create a vicious cycle of inflammation and gland destruction that perpetuates BKC progression [ 22 , 23 ]. Previous studies have demonstrated that BKC patients exhibit more severe MGD characteristics compared to other forms of blepharitis, with irreversible structural loss being a defining feature, thereby emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and treatment [ 3 , 12 ].…”

Clinical Characteristics and Therapeutic Outcomes of Pediatric Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis

“…The results showed that there were more female patients (66%) than male (34%) and that the mean ages of symptom onset and referral were 8.3 and 9.5 years, respectively. These data demonstrating a female predominance in BKC are consistent with many previous studies, 5,7,13,15,24 although a few have reported either similar male-to-female ratios 3,14 or male predominance. 2,26 BKC onset has been reported to be at age 3-5 years in many studies involving diverse ethnicities, 5,7,13,14 while 2 others recorded onsets of 6.7 years among Indian patients 2 and 10.2 years among Asians (mainly Chinese).…”

“…Rodríguez-García et al reported 2 cases of corneal perforation and 2 of peripheral ulcerative keratitis among 45 corneal manifestations of BKC involving Mexican children. 3 Altogether, these findings support the notion that racial and geographic factors affect the sex predominance, onset age, disease severity, and prevalence of BKC.…”

Comparison of Meibomian Gland Loss Between Pediatric Patients with Blepharo-Keratoconjunctivitis and Age-Matched Controls Using Non-Contact Meibography

“…Non-contact infrared meibography provides a non-invasive and relatively objective method for visualizing meibomian gland morphology and may assist in differentiating severely destructive phenotypes such as BKC from milder entities such as allergic conjunctivitis, as well as in monitoring structural progression over time [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. The present results also support the need for an intensive and sustained treatment approach in pediatric BKC, with long-term follow-up to detect recurrent inflammation, progressive gland loss, and associated corneal changes at an early stage, which is essential for the prevention of amblyopia and other sight-threatening sequelae in this population [ 3 ].…”

“…In clinical practice, the present findings underscore the importance of early recognition of BKC in pediatric patients, as meibomian gland loss is generally considered irreversible once established [3]. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate anti-inflammatory therapy and lid hygiene may help preserve meibomian gland structure and function, stabilize the tear film, and reduce the risk of long-term ocular surface damage [6].…”

“…Inflammatory mediators in MGD create a vicious cycle of inflammation and gland destruction that perpetuates BKC progression [ 22 , 23 ]. Previous studies have demonstrated that BKC patients exhibit more severe MGD characteristics compared to other forms of blepharitis, with irreversible structural loss being a defining feature, thereby emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and treatment [ 3 , 12 ].…”

Clinical Characteristics and Therapeutic Outcomes of Pediatric Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis

“…The results showed that there were more female patients (66%) than male (34%) and that the mean ages of symptom onset and referral were 8.3 and 9.5 years, respectively. These data demonstrating a female predominance in BKC are consistent with many previous studies, 5,7,13,15,24 although a few have reported either similar male-to-female ratios 3,14 or male predominance. 2,26 BKC onset has been reported to be at age 3-5 years in many studies involving diverse ethnicities, 5,7,13,14 while 2 others recorded onsets of 6.7 years among Indian patients 2 and 10.2 years among Asians (mainly Chinese).…”

“…Rodríguez-García et al reported 2 cases of corneal perforation and 2 of peripheral ulcerative keratitis among 45 corneal manifestations of BKC involving Mexican children. 3 Altogether, these findings support the notion that racial and geographic factors affect the sex predominance, onset age, disease severity, and prevalence of BKC.…”

Comparison of Meibomian Gland Loss Between Pediatric Patients with Blepharo-Keratoconjunctivitis and Age-Matched Controls Using Non-Contact Meibography

“…Non-contact infrared meibography provides a non-invasive and relatively objective method for visualizing meibomian gland morphology and may assist in differentiating severely destructive phenotypes such as BKC from milder entities such as allergic conjunctivitis, as well as in monitoring structural progression over time [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. The present results also support the need for an intensive and sustained treatment approach in pediatric BKC, with long-term follow-up to detect recurrent inflammation, progressive gland loss, and associated corneal changes at an early stage, which is essential for the prevention of amblyopia and other sight-threatening sequelae in this population [ 3 ].…”

“…In clinical practice, the present findings underscore the importance of early recognition of BKC in pediatric patients, as meibomian gland loss is generally considered irreversible once established [3]. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of appropriate anti-inflammatory therapy and lid hygiene may help preserve meibomian gland structure and function, stabilize the tear film, and reduce the risk of long-term ocular surface damage [6].…”

“…Inflammatory mediators in MGD create a vicious cycle of inflammation and gland destruction that perpetuates BKC progression [ 22 , 23 ]. Previous studies have demonstrated that BKC patients exhibit more severe MGD characteristics compared to other forms of blepharitis, with irreversible structural loss being a defining feature, thereby emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and treatment [ 3 , 12 ].…”