Black Pod and Other Phytophthora Induced Diseases of Cacao: History, Biology, and Control

Surujdeo-Maharaj, Surendra; Sreenivasan, T. N.; Motilal, Lambert A.; Umaharan, Pathmanathan

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24789-2_7

Cited by 23 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…1). The observed high fungal densities in the scraping samples of the affected tree parts could be attributed to the cultivation pattern (Asogwa et al, 2011), reliance on crop propagation from the wild varieties and low Mean values with the same superscript "b" are statistically comparable but significantly different from superscript "a" Mean values with the same superscript "a" are statistically comparable but significantly different from superscript "b" Location õ tree 3.11 x 10 8, ** 0.0004 MS = Mean separation, ns = Non-significant, * = significant, ** = highly significant resistance to diseases as the plants age (Etebu and Nwauzoma, 2014;Bailey et al, 2016;Surujdeo-Maharaj et al, 2016). The differences in fungal populations among various tree types at the different locations may be attributed to differences in environmental factors such as the local climatic conditions, e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cocoa, kola-nut and sweet orange trees in this region are prone to severe drought, pests and microbial attacks, contributing to low fruit yield (Adejumo, 2005;Asogwa et al, 2011). The susceptibility of these important wood plants is further exacerbated by reliance on seedlings from the wild (Bailey et al, 2016;Surujdeo-Maharaj et al, 2016). South-west Nigeria, like most of the other African countries involved in largescale cultivation, is yet to benefit from the propagation of improved cash crop seedlings with diseases-prevention potential through genetic modifications and use of relevant biotechnological tools.…”

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Fungi associated with a dry invasive white patches on trunks of economic fruit trees in south-west Nigeria

Akinde¹,

Lamidi²,

Ayeni³

2019

Afr. Crop Sci. J.

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An unprecedented number of fungal and fungal-like diseases are the main threat to the diversity and productivity of economic fruit trees in southwest Nigeria. The objective of this study was to investigate the fungi associated with dry invasive whitish patches, noticeable on trunks and branches of cocoa (Theobroma cacao), kola-nut (Cola spp.) and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) trees prevalent in southwest Nigeria. A total of 108 whitish patch scraped samples were aseptically obtained from the affected cocoa, kola-nut and sweet orange trees in Osogbo, Ife, Ejigbo and Ilesha plantations in southwest Nigeria for this study. Viable fungal populations, were determined using the spread-plate techniques; and pure fungal isolates were identified through their morphological appearance, microscopic features and sporing structures. Mean viable fungal count in the samples ranged from 3.85 x 10 4 ± 0.00 to 9.75 x 10 3 ± 0.00 CFU g-1. Viable fungal counts were significantly different (P < 0.05) between fruit tree species and across locations. A total of 52 fungal species belonging to 21 genera were isolated, with Aspergillus and Penicilliumas predominating and occurring at 23 and 17%, respectively. Other isolated genera included seven from cocoa trees; ten from kola-nut trees and five from sweet orange trees. There is need for appropriate control strategies to prevent further spread in contiguous plantations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Fungi associated with a dry invasive white patches on trunks of economic fruit trees in south-west Nigeria

Akinde¹,

Lamidi²,

Ayeni³

2019

Afr. Crop Sci. J.

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“…P. palmivora. es el principal patógeno que se presenta actualmente en viveros de cacao en regiones como Barlovento en Venezuela (Parra y Camejo 2015), sin embargo el tizón causado por este patógeno en chupones, plántulas y hojas es considerado por otros autores como de poca importancia en comparación con lapudrición parda del fruto (Surujdeo-Maharaj et al 2016). Sin embargo, a inicios de los años 60 no se conocían reportes de Phytophthora spp.…”

Section: Necrosis Foliares Phytophthora Palmivora (Tizón)unclassified

“…El exceso de humedad en el sustrato se reconoce como una condición favorable para el desarrollo de la sintomatología de este patógeno (Carvajal et al 2008), y la presencia de una película de agua sobre las hojas incrementa su diseminación y es requerida para completar su ciclo (Surujdeo-Maharaj et al 2016). Cuando las condiciones ambientales son favorables a este cromista, causa tizones en la hojas de las plántulas de vivero (End et al 2014) y puede llegar a presentarse muerte regresiva (Surujdeo-Maharaj et al 2016). Una estructura semipermanente de madera y techo de cobertura natural como las hojas de coco favorece la condensación de humedad en el vivero y la infección por P. palmivora, según se ha reportado en Asia (McMahon y Purwantara 2016).…”

Section: Necrosis Foliares Phytophthora Palmivora (Tizón)unclassified

Descripción de plagas en viveros de cacao en el cantón Milagro a partir de diferentes fuentes de información.// Description of pests in cacao vivarium in Milagro canton from different sources of information.

Martínez

Noceda²,

Zambrano³

et al. 2017

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Este artículo pretende i) revisar el estado del arte en el conocimiento de los problemas fitosanitarios reportados en las fases inicialesdel cultivo del cacao en el Ecuador, y ii) describir la presencia de tales problemas en viveros de Milagro. Las fuentes de informaciónfueron mixtas, y estas variaron según la escala geográfica. La información a nivel de país provino de libros o artículos; en cambio,para describir particularidades locales se utilizaron datos primarios de identificación de hongos e información facilitada por productoreslocales entrevistados. Al mismo tiempo, se usaron datos secundarios provenientes de tesis de pregrado, informes técnicosinstitucionales y artículos de prensa. La información secundaria, de poca visibilidad pero disponible en repositorios digitales, contieneinformación puntual válida para el conocimiento local. Los daños causados por hongos y por artrópodos (plagas sensu latu)se agruparon por síntoma y agente causal. De igual forma, se incluyen daños de origen abiótico. El manejo de los daños insectilesfue considerado de poca importancia por los viveristas, a diferencia de los causados por hongos y cromistas que constituyen eldesafío fundamental.ABSTRACTThis article aims i) to review the state of the art in the knowledge of phytosanitary problems reported in the initial stages of cacaocultivation in Ecuador, and ii) to describe the presence of such problems in Milagro vivariums. The sources of information were mixed,and these varied according to geographic scale. Information at the country level came from books or articles; in contrast, primary datato identify fungi and information provided by local farmers interviewed to describe local particularities, were used. At the same time,secondary data from undergraduate theses, institutional technical reports and press articles were used. Secondary information, withlow visibility but available in digital repositories, contains valuable information for local knowledge. The damages caused by fungiand by arthropods (sensu latu pests) were grouped by symptom and causal agent. Symptoms of abiotic origin are also included. Themanagement of insect damage is considered of little importance by nurserymen, unlike those caused by fungi and chromists thatconstitute the fundamental challenge.

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“…Black pod rot occurs in most, if not all, areas where cacao is grown, although the Phytophthora species responsible can vary between locations. Phytophthora palmivora is most commonly isolated from infected pods outside of Africa (Surujdeo‐Maharaj et al , ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A disease and production index (DPI) for selection of cacao (Theobroma cacao) clones highly productive and tolerant to pod rot diseases

et al. 2020

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Frosty pod rot (FPR) (Moniliophthora roreri), along with black pod rot (Phytophthora species) and witches’ broom disease (Moniliophthora perniciosa) constitute the main phytosanitary problems limiting cacao (Theobroma cacao) production causing severe yield losses. One of the main sought after methods of pod rot management is the selection of tolerant cacao genotypes. Typically, the selection is carried out through the quantification of the percentage of diseased pods (PDP). However, PDP does not consider the relative productivity, or production potential (PT) of the genotype. Production potential can vary among cacao genotypes. Consequently, genotypes with similar PT can have similar or vastly different disease tolerance levels as measured by PDP. The disease and production index (DPI) was developed to integrate a genotype's tolerance to M. roreri and other diseases as measured by PDP, with its PT. Here, we evaluated the number of healthy pods, number of diseased pods, and weight of fresh seed for 29 clones grown in replicated five‐tree plots over 4 years. The data obtained was used to calculate PDP and DPI for each clone for three different disease combinations: frosty pod rot alone, pod rots other than frosty pod rot, and the combination of all pod rots. Multivariate analysis verified that DPI discriminated between clones based on productivity and disease tolerance. Surprisingly, there was a close ranking of clones between resistance to FPR and resistance to all other pod rots. The DPI can be used in breeding programmes focused on the selection of high yielding disease‐tolerant cacao genotypes.

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Black Pod and Other Phytophthora Induced Diseases of Cacao: History, Biology, and Control

Cited by 23 publications

References 111 publications

Fungi associated with a dry invasive white patches on trunks of economic fruit trees in south-west Nigeria

Fungi associated with a dry invasive white patches on trunks of economic fruit trees in south-west Nigeria

Descripción de plagas en viveros de cacao en el cantón Milagro a partir de diferentes fuentes de información.// Description of pests in cacao vivarium in Milagro canton from different sources of information.

A disease and production index (DPI) for selection of cacao (Theobroma cacao) clones highly productive and tolerant to pod rot diseases

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