Black Hairy Tongue

Drug‐Induced Black Hairy Tongue

“…57 The older literature is replete with studies investigating the oral flora of patients who developed BHT. 6,[43][44][45] A variety of bacteria and fungi have been associated with BHT, but little can be reliably concluded from these data. Antibiotics can clearly alter the flora of the oral cavity and this may, along with other factors, play a role in the development of BHT.…”

“…Interpreting these facts is difficult because it is not clear if an acidic oral pH contributes to the etiology of BHT or is a consequence of BHT. 4 A number of investigators have studied the relationship between bacteria and fungi and BHT [43][44][45] ; however, no conclusive evidence implicates any specific bacteria or fungi as etiologic in the pathogenesis of BHT. One early study explored nicotinic acid deficiency as a cause of BHT, 13 although no further work has been done in this area.…”

A Contribution to the Mycology of the Mouth

“…Linguia Nigra.-In this tongue condition there is an accumulation of densely matted patches of highly pigmented hypertrophied filiform papillae in front of the circurnvallate papillae which may extend into the anterior third. The early literature on this disorder, first described by Rayner in 1835, is summarized by Swinburne (1939), and among other publications on lingua nigra the paper by Kennedy and Howles (1940) and the account by Schaffer (1951-2) may be noted. Mycology.-The " random " distribution of isolates from lingua nigra suggested that the isolates were present by chance and bore no causal relation to the clinical condition.…”

Incidence of Black Tongue in Antibiotic Treatment

“…Since the first description of black tongue (Rayer, 1835) a " parasitic" fungus aetiology has been postulated by a number of authors, the culprits being respectively identified as a non-sporulating yeast or torula (Alvarez, 1926), as a streptothrix (Weidman, 1928), as an actinomyces (Thompson and Montgomery, 1929), as a monilia-type yeast (Kennedy and Howles, 1940), as Penicillium mucor niger (cit. after Thoma, 1950), and as Mucor rhizopodiformis (cit.…”