Birth-Weight-for-Gestational-Age Patterns by Race, Sex, and Parity in the United States Population

Zhang, Jun; Bowes, Watson A.

doi:10.1016/0029-7844(95)00142-e

Cited by 271 publications

(220 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In this investigation, fetal growth restriction was defined as birth weight less than the 10th percentile according to nationally established criteria adjusted for race, gender, parity, and gestational age at delivery. 6 Assuming an ␣ error of 0.05 and a ␤ error of 0.2, a sample size of 339 patients would be needed to detect an increase of 10% in the incidence of infant growth restriction.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Hypoglycemia: Is It Associated with Adverse Perinatal Outcome?

et al. 1999

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OBJECTIVE:To determine if maternal hypoglycemia is associated with adverse perinatal outcome, particularly low birth weight. STUDY DESIGN:In this prospective study, all patients after 24 weeks' gestation were screened for gestational diabetes using 50 gm of glucola (oral) followed by a 1-hour plasma glucose measurement and hypoglycemia was defined as Յ88 mg/dl. RESULTS:In these 426 women the mean (Ϯ SD) 1-hour plasma glucose value was 99.8 Ϯ 22.7 mg/dl. Of these, 16 were diagnosed with gestational diabetes and 46 were lost to follow-up leaving 364 patients; 116 with hypoglycemia and 248 with euglycemia. Women with hypoglycemia weighed less at the beginning of pregnancy and at delivery, but total weight gain during pregnancy was similar between both groups. There was no difference between groups in maternal symptomatology, birth weight, or the rate of fetal growth restriction. CONCLUSION:Hypoglycemia on the 1-hour glucola screen is not predictive of fetal growth restriction or other adverse perinatal consequence.It is common in the United States to screen all pregnant females between 24 to 28 weeks for gestational diabetes with the 50-gm glucola followed by a 1-hour plasma glucose measurement. 1 An elevated glucose screen (Ն140 mg/dl%) can be associated with gestational diabetes, which occurs in 2% to 3% of all pregnancies. 2 The diagnosis of gestational diabetes, confirmed by 3-hour glucose tolerance testing, has been shown to be associated with adverse perinatal outcome. 3 Similarly, hypoglycemia has been found to be associated with increased perinatal morbidity. 2,3 The finding of adverse fetal effects has not been substantiated by more recent reports, and the relationship of a low glucose to maternal weight and other maternal factors have not been well explained.The goal of this study was to ascertain whether hypoglycemia noted on routine screening for gestational diabetes will select a patient population who is at risk for poor perinatal outcome. Materials and MethodsIn this prospective study, all patients with singleton pregnancies obtaining obstetric care at the University of Mississippi Medical Center were given 50 gm of glucola orally followed by a 1-hour plasma glucose measurement at Ն24 weeks' gestation. To standardize results, participants were instructed to avoid smoking, chewing gum, eating candy, or using cough drops prior to the test. To minimize false low results, patients were observed by clinic staff for compliance with complete ingestion of the 50-gm glucola solution within 5 minutes. If any value was Ն140 mg/dl, a 3-hour, 100-gm oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Gestational diabetes was diagnosed by the standard American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists criteria. 4 To control for the potential confounding effect of hyperglycemia on perinatal outcome, patients with the diagnosis of diabetes were excluded from analysis. Hypoglycemia was defined as a plasma glucose value of Յ88 mg/dl, as described by Abell et al. 3 Patients were followed prospectively and managed as obstetric...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Hypoglycemia: Is It Associated with Adverse Perinatal Outcome?

et al. 1999

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“…Here, Brazil perc represents the Brazilian percentiles, while Other perc are the percentiles published in , Zhang and Bowes 1995, Alshimmiri et al 2004) and (Bonellie et al 2008). The institutional ethical research board considered that this study is exempt of approval since the data is publicly available in the Brazilian government site.…”

Section: Formentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After Lubchenco's article (Lubchenco et al 1963) in the sixties, a number of reference data for assessing birth weight for gestational age have been proposed in the literature , Zhang and Bowes 1995, Alshimmiri et al 2004, Bonellie et al 2008, Alexander et al 1996, Shin et al 2005, Skjaerven et al 2000. Most of them refer to developed countries and none of the underdeveloped or developing country studies are population-based.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth weight patterns by gestational age in Brazil

Pedreira¹,

Pinto²,

Pereira³

et al. 2011

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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Background and objectives. We present an updated birth weight-for-gestational-age portrait, based on nearly 8 million observations of an ethnic-mixed population. It comprises the first comprehensive charts with Brazilian data. This contribution intends to assist clinicians in classifying fetal growth, to provide a reference for investigations of predictors and to show the consequences of small and large patterns for gestational age delivery. Most of the reference data for assessing birth weight for gestational age deal with insufficient sample size, especially at low gestational age. Population-based studies with considerably large sample size refer to data collected more than 15 years ago. Methods. We accomplished a population-based study on births in all the Brazilian states from 2003 to 2005. Results were based on 7,993,166 singletons. We constructed the 3 rd , 5 th , 10 th , 25 th , 50 th , 90 th , 95 th and 97 th smoothed percentiles curves and gender-specific tables from 22 to 43 completed weeks. Results. The resulting tables and graphical representation provide a gender-specific reference to access the birth weights distribution according to the gestational age in the Brazilian population. Conclusions. This is the first population-based reference constructed on a developing country data. These charts could provide an important tool to improve clinical assessment of growth in newborns.

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“…SGA was defined as birth weight Ͻ10th percentile. 9,10 Discordancy was defined by Ͼ15% difference in birth weight relative to the larger twin. 11…”

Section: Study Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Prevalence of Fetal Thrombi in Monochorionic-Twin Placentas

Sato

Benirschke

2006

Pediatrics

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OBJECTIVE. Fetal vessel thrombosis has been related to pregnancy complications and adverse neonatal outcomes in singleton pregnancies, but the clinical and pathologic characteristics of fetal thrombosis in twin pregnancy are still ill defined. METHODS. To clarify the characteristics of fetal thrombosis in twins, we reviewed the histology slides and medical records of live-born infants of twin pregnancies involving the live birth of at least 1 fetus (monochorionic: 389 cases; dichorionic: 780 cases) and singleton pregnancies (1162 cases). RESULTS. The incidence of fetal thrombosis in monochorionic-twin pregnancies was significantly higher than that of dichorionic-twin and singleton pregnancies (5.1% vs 3.0% and 2.8%, respectively). The incidence of velamentous umbilical cord insertion in monochorionic- and dichorionic-twin placentas was also higher than in singleton placentas (12% and 7% vs 2%, respectively). Fetal thrombosis in twin placentas was associated with intrauterine growth restriction. In monochorionic twins, fetal thrombosis was associated with co-twin fetal death, but in dichorionic twins no correlation was identified. Microscopically, fetal vessel thrombosis in twin placentas was associated with vascular cushions (fibrous hyperplasia of fetal vessel), as is the case occasionally in singletons. CONCLUSIONS. The incidence of fetal vessel thrombosis in monochorionic placentas was higher than that seen in dichorionic-twin placentas and singleton gestations. Fetal vessel thrombosis in twin pregnancies showed a correlation with intrauterine growth restriction, peripheral cord insertions, and major vascular cushions.

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Birth-Weight-for-Gestational-Age Patterns by Race, Sex, and Parity in the United States Population

Cited by 271 publications

References 19 publications

Maternal Hypoglycemia: Is It Associated with Adverse Perinatal Outcome?

Maternal Hypoglycemia: Is It Associated with Adverse Perinatal Outcome?

Birth weight patterns by gestational age in Brazil

Increased Prevalence of Fetal Thrombi in Monochorionic-Twin Placentas

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