Bipolar Illness in Adolescents With Major Depression

Rates and Predictors of Developing a Manic or Hypomanic Episode 1 to 2 Years Following a First Hospitalization for Major Depression with Psychotic Features

“…In contrast with previous studies Goldberg et al 2001), we found the risk of developing a manic episode was double that of developing a hypomanic episode, suggesting that patients who present with MDDP might be at higher risk for developing a manic than a hypomanic episode. This is consistent with findings from previous reports that psychotic symptoms are more likely in patients with major depression who develop mania than in those who develop hypomania (Akiskal et al 1983;Strober and Carlson 1982). The predictors of developing mania and hypomania were the same in our study, suggesting that these disorders may share risk factors.…”

Risk for switch from unipolar to bipolar disorder in youth with ADHD: A long term prospective controlled study

“…This finding is consistent with a literature documenting that a family history of mood disorder is associated with pediatric bipolar disorder (Geller et al, 1994; Strober and Carlson, 1982b). …”

Can unipolar and bipolar pediatric major depression be differentiated from each other? A systematic review of cross-sectional studies examining differences in unipolar and bipolar depression

“…These findings are consistent with those identified in adult patients with bipolar MDD (Akiskal et al, 1983;Coryell et al, 1995;Bechdolf et al, 2010) and with the literature on the risk factors for manic switching (Strober and Carlson, 1982;Geller et al, 1994;Biederman et al, 2009). Wozniak et al (2010) previously reported on the significantly increased morbid risk of bipolar disorder in relatives of children with bipolar disorder as compared to relatives of children with only ADHD.…”