Objective: Leishmaniasis is endemic in 88 countries with incidence rate of 1.5-2 million; the most common form of leishmaniasis is cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) with 1.5 million new cases per year. Correct diagnosis and characterization of the particular parasite is important for evaluating prognosis and prescribing appropriate treatment. The current management of leishmaniasis is drug treatment of patients, to alleviate disease and vector control to reduce its transmission. Also, current treatments for visceral leishmaniasis are unsatisfactory because of their toxicity, resistance and high cost. The purpose of the present study was to review the application of nano drugs in treatment of leishmaniasis.
Materials and Methods:it was used as source of research the following databases: MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scielo, PubMed and the database of CAPES.Results: It has been proved nanosilver particles with highly small sizes, have a good penetration into the cutaneous lesions and a good efficacy on leishmaniasis.anti-leishmanial therapy [14][15][16][17]. Although glucantime is commonly used for the treatment of leishmaniasis, it has some side effects including increased liver enzymes and electrocardiogram changes [17]. In addition, the drug is expensive, the injection is painful, and research shows that resistance of parasite to glucantime is growing in different parts of the world [17][18][19][20]. The use of nanotechnology is ever-expanding in today's technologically advanced world. This form of technology has many advantages over existing ones in many fields and medicine is one of them [20]. There are numerous devices and mechanisms developed with the aid of nanotechnology that can help cure diseases/disorders in a much better and more efficient manner [21]. The usefulness of nanotechnology can especially be seen in the treatment of infectious diseases [21,22]. This review has investigated the treatment of leishmaniasis by nano drugs.
Nano drugs against leishmaniasisNanotechnology must be applied for curing infectious disease like leishmaniasis [22]. Many drugs have been made and are still being discovered, but the protozoan re-emerges showing drug resistance to the effective medications [23]. Nanotechnology has just managed to show its promise in developing a liposomal formulation called amphotericin B for leishmaniasis but has serious side effects and is not cost effective in developing countries [23][24][25]. Initial, nanodelivery systems for delivering chemotherapeutics were nanodisks impregnanted with amphotericin B, polymericnanoparticle loaded with pentamidine, primaquine, and niosomes, which still need validation at the clinical level [25][26][27][28]. There is an urgent need to take up assignments to use effective nanotechnology devices in combating this infectious disease [25][26][27][28].Different mechanisms were proposed for antimicrobial property of nanoparticles [28]. One mechanism is binding of nanoparticle to sulfur/ phosphorus-containing biomolecules such as proteins and DNA, which leads to...
