Bioprofiling TS/A Murine Mammary Cancer for a Functional Precision Experimental Model

Abstract

The TS/A cell line was established in 1983 from a spontaneous mammary tumor arisen in an inbred BALB/c female mouse. Its features (heterogeneity, low immunogenicity and metastatic ability) rendered the TS/A cell line suitable as a preclinical model for studies on tumor–host interactions and for gene therapy approaches. The integrated biological profile of TS/A resulting from the review of the literature could be a path towards the description of a precision experimental model of mammary cancer.

Intratumoral Gene Electrotransfer of Plasmid DNA Encoding shRNA against Melanoma Cell Adhesion Molecule Radiosensitizes Tumors by Antivascular Effects and Activation of an Immune Response

“…Antivascular targeted gene therapies already proved pronounced tumor radiosensitization [26,31,37,67]. In this study, we demonstrated that MCAM silencing with GET effectively radiosensitizes tumors, both melanoma tumors that highly express MCAM and carcinoma tumors with a low expression of MCAM.…”

Intratumoral Gene Electrotransfer of Plasmid DNA Encoding shRNA against Melanoma Cell Adhesion Molecule Radiosensitizes Tumors by Antivascular Effects and Activation of an Immune Response

“…Antivascular targeted gene therapies already proved pronounced tumor radiosensitization [26,31,37,67]. In this study, we demonstrated that MCAM silencing with GET effectively radiosensitizes tumors, both melanoma tumors that highly express MCAM and carcinoma tumors with a low expression of MCAM.…”

Tumor microenvironment remodeling by STING agonism sensitizes endothelial cells to cytotoxic anti-PD-L1/L2 antibody

“…To investigate whether 8803 could directly activate the STING pathway in tumor cells, B16-PD-L2 [ 26 ] and TS/A [ 27 , 28 ] cells were treated with 10 µg/mL of 8803, 2’3’-cGAMP, or ADU-S100 for 1 h, followed by Western blot analysis. 8803 robustly activated the STING pathway compared to commercial agonists, as evidenced by phosphorylation of STING, TBK1, and IRF3 (Fig.…”

“…To assess efficacy in an ICB-resistant setting, we used the Her2⁺ TS/A mammary carcinoma model [ 27 , 28 ]. FACS analysis revealed low PD-L1 and no PD-L2 expression on TS/A cells from in vitro cultures (Supplementary Fig.…”

Effect of Bleomycin Hydrolase Expression in Tumor Tissue on the Therapeutic Effectiveness of Electrochemotherapy

“…Moreover, there was a significant difference between the two mammary cell lines in BLMH mRNA expression (TS/A vs. 4T1, p < 0.05). However, the mentioned cell lines had different characteristics; 4T1 is a triple-negative breast cancer, whereas TS/A is an estrogen-positive and HER2-negative type [ 31 ]. These findings stress the importance of testing each individual cancer sample, since differences in cell characteristics and not only origin are important.…”

Intratumoral Gene Electrotransfer of Plasmid DNA Encoding shRNA against Melanoma Cell Adhesion Molecule Radiosensitizes Tumors by Antivascular Effects and Activation of an Immune Response

“…Antivascular targeted gene therapies already proved pronounced tumor radiosensitization [26,31,37,67]. In this study, we demonstrated that MCAM silencing with GET effectively radiosensitizes tumors, both melanoma tumors that highly express MCAM and carcinoma tumors with a low expression of MCAM.…”

Tumor microenvironment remodeling by STING agonism sensitizes endothelial cells to cytotoxic anti-PD-L1/L2 antibody

“…To investigate whether 8803 could directly activate the STING pathway in tumor cells, B16-PD-L2 [ 26 ] and TS/A [ 27 , 28 ] cells were treated with 10 µg/mL of 8803, 2’3’-cGAMP, or ADU-S100 for 1 h, followed by Western blot analysis. 8803 robustly activated the STING pathway compared to commercial agonists, as evidenced by phosphorylation of STING, TBK1, and IRF3 (Fig.…”

“…To assess efficacy in an ICB-resistant setting, we used the Her2⁺ TS/A mammary carcinoma model [ 27 , 28 ]. FACS analysis revealed low PD-L1 and no PD-L2 expression on TS/A cells from in vitro cultures (Supplementary Fig.…”

Effect of Bleomycin Hydrolase Expression in Tumor Tissue on the Therapeutic Effectiveness of Electrochemotherapy

“…Moreover, there was a significant difference between the two mammary cell lines in BLMH mRNA expression (TS/A vs. 4T1, p < 0.05). However, the mentioned cell lines had different characteristics; 4T1 is a triple-negative breast cancer, whereas TS/A is an estrogen-positive and HER2-negative type [ 31 ]. These findings stress the importance of testing each individual cancer sample, since differences in cell characteristics and not only origin are important.…”

Intratumoral Gene Electrotransfer of Plasmid DNA Encoding shRNA against Melanoma Cell Adhesion Molecule Radiosensitizes Tumors by Antivascular Effects and Activation of an Immune Response

“…Antivascular targeted gene therapies already proved pronounced tumor radiosensitization [26,31,37,67]. In this study, we demonstrated that MCAM silencing with GET effectively radiosensitizes tumors, both melanoma tumors that highly express MCAM and carcinoma tumors with a low expression of MCAM.…”

Tumor microenvironment remodeling by STING agonism sensitizes endothelial cells to cytotoxic anti-PD-L1/L2 antibody

“…To investigate whether 8803 could directly activate the STING pathway in tumor cells, B16-PD-L2 [ 26 ] and TS/A [ 27 , 28 ] cells were treated with 10 µg/mL of 8803, 2’3’-cGAMP, or ADU-S100 for 1 h, followed by Western blot analysis. 8803 robustly activated the STING pathway compared to commercial agonists, as evidenced by phosphorylation of STING, TBK1, and IRF3 (Fig.…”

“…To assess efficacy in an ICB-resistant setting, we used the Her2⁺ TS/A mammary carcinoma model [ 27 , 28 ]. FACS analysis revealed low PD-L1 and no PD-L2 expression on TS/A cells from in vitro cultures (Supplementary Fig.…”

Effect of Bleomycin Hydrolase Expression in Tumor Tissue on the Therapeutic Effectiveness of Electrochemotherapy

“…Moreover, there was a significant difference between the two mammary cell lines in BLMH mRNA expression (TS/A vs. 4T1, p < 0.05). However, the mentioned cell lines had different characteristics; 4T1 is a triple-negative breast cancer, whereas TS/A is an estrogen-positive and HER2-negative type [ 31 ]. These findings stress the importance of testing each individual cancer sample, since differences in cell characteristics and not only origin are important.…”