Bioprocessing of Marine Chitinous Wastes for the Production of Bioactive Prodigiosin

Abstract

Recently, microbial prodigiosin (PG) has received much attention due to its numerous beneficial applications. The aim of this study was to establish the bioprocessing of marine chitinous wastes (MCWs) for the cost-effective preparation of PG. Of the MCWs, demineralized shrimp shell powders (de-SSP) were found to be a potential source of carbon/nitrogen (C/N) for PG production by bacterial fermentation using Serratia marcescens strains. Further, PG scale-up production was investigated in a 15 L bioreactor system, and the highest yield (6200 mg/L) was achieved during fermentation using 5 L of a novel-designed culture broth that included 1.60% C/N sources (a de-SSP/casein ratio of 7/3), 0.02% K2SO4, and 0.05% K2HPO4, with an initial pH of 6–7. Fermentation was conducted in the dark at 27.5 °C for 8.0 h. This study was the first to report on the utilization of shrimp wastes for cost-effective, large-scale (5 L/pilot) PG production with high productivity (6200 mg/L) in a short cultivation time. The combination of 0.02% K2SO4 and 0.05% K2HPO4 was also found to be a novel salt composition that significantly enhanced PG yield. The red compound was purified and confirmed as PG after analyzing its HPLC profile, mass, and UV/vis spectra. The purified PG was then tested for its bioactivities and showed effective anticancer activities, moderated antioxidant activities, and novel anti-NO effects.

Utilization of Cassava Wastewater for Low-Cost Production of Prodigiosin via Serratia marcescens TNU01 Fermentation and Its Novel Potent α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Effect

“…Casein has been found to be a suitable free protein for adding to the media in order to enhance the PG yield [ 22 , 23 , 25 , 26 ]. Thus, casein was added to the medium at various concentrations (0.125–0.75%) for fermentation by TNU01 to identify its most appropriate concentration.…”

“…marcescens TNU01 was utilized for the conversion of some organic wastes, including squid pens, shrimp heads, crab shells, and shrimp shells, into PG, with the yields of 2450, 500, 610, and 800 mg/L, respectively. The PG yield was significantly enhanced (to 4015 mg/L) when shrimp shells were supplemented with casein at the mass ratio of 7/3 (shrimp shells/casein) [ 22 ]. In this study, we investigated cassava wastewater supplemented with 0.25% casein as a novel C/N source for the cost-effective production of PG, reaching a yield of 4012 mg/L.…”

“…Several previous studies have indicated that a suitable salt composition significantly enhances the PG yield from S. marcescens fermentation. Supplementary phosphate and sulfate salts have vital roles, via fermentation, in the productivity of PG, but different S. marcescens strains or alternative organic wastes, as the major C/N sources for fermentation, may require different kinds of phosphate and sulfate salts at different concentrations [ 8 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. To explore the choice of suitable salts and their appropriate concentrations in the culture medium, various phosphate and sulfate salts were tested.…”

“…Regarding cost-effective PG production and environmental issues, we have previously investigated PG production from various fishery organic wastes, including squid pens, shrimp shells/heads, and crab shells, via S. marcescens fermentation [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. In this study, we investigated the potential of cassava-based industrial wastes (cassava wastewater) for PG production and reclamation of its novel potential application as anti-diabetic drug, based on in vitro and docking studies.…”

Production of Thermophilic Chitinase by Paenibacillus sp. TKU052 by Bioprocessing of Chitinous Fishery Wastes and Its Application in N-acetyl-D-glucosamine Production

“…The chitin extraction process from CFWs commonly involves chemical deproteinization (using strong alkalis), demineralization (using strong acids), and bleaching (using oxidants) [ 6 ], thereby potentially releasing hazardous and protein-rich wastewater. On the other hand, CFWs mainly contain chitin and proteins, which can directly serve as nutrient components for microbial fermentation [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. This “green technique” has shown great potential owing to the capability of microbes in utilizing CFWs as appropriate C/N sources for producing various metabolites, such as enzymes [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ], antioxidants [ 15 ], enzymes inhibitors [ 16 , 17 ], antimicrobial agents [ 18 ], etc.…”