Biopolymer electrolytes based on blend of kappa-carrageenan and cellulose derivatives for potential application in dye sensitized solar cell

Review on polymer electrolyte in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs)

“…Interestingly to note that, after 250 h under thermal stress (60°C) for stability test, the cell showed a reduction of its initial photoconversion efficiency of only $6%. Blending of CM k-carrageenan and CM cellulose-NH 4 I/I 2 biopolymer electrolytes has been reported by Rudhziah et al (2015). They found that the ionic conductivity increased with increasing NH 4 I concentration to achieve the highest room temperature ionic conductivity of 2.32 Â 10 À3 S cm À1 However, the power conversion efficiency of solid biopolymer electrolyte only reached 0.13% of efficiency.…”

“…Namely, PEO (Ren et al, 2002), poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) (Lee et al, 2010e;Yang et al, 2008), polyethylene glycol (PEG) (Joseph et al, 2006), poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) (Bella et al, 2013a(Bella et al, , 2013b, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) (Taslim et al, 2010;Rika et al, 2009;Rahman et al, 2010), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) (Rahman et al, 2004(Rahman et al, , 2007, and poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) Lee et al, 2008b;Priya et al, 2008;Noor et al, 2014). To date, polysaccharides and modified polysaccharides based materials such as chitosan (Buraidah et al, 2010), cellulose (Rudhziah et al, 2015) and carrageenan (Bella et al, 2015) received the attention due to their higher ionic conductivities at room temperature. In addition, two other main families of hybrid inorganic-organic polymer electrolytes are reported by Di Noto et al (2011).…”

Novel Proton Conducting Solid Bio-polymer Electrolytes Based on Carboxymethyl Cellulose Doped with Oleic Acid and Plasticized with Glycerol

“…Several renewable resource-based biopolymers are suitable to be used as host polymer in the polymer electrolytes123, such as starch4, cellulose5678, chitosan9101112, carrageenan1314 and agarose1516. The polymers can solvate the dopant if there is direct interaction between the lone pair electron of the heteroatom such as oxygen or nitrogen in the polymer and cation of the ionic dopant217.…”

Natural Polymers for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: Electrolytes and Electrodes

“…Being cellulose and carrageenan two promising matrices for the preparation of polymer electrolytes for DSSC, Rudhziah and colleagues developed electrolytes based on blends of these two natural polymers (32). The biopolymer blend based on carboxymethylated cellulose and carrageenan was prepared by adding different weight percentages of NH 4 I (10-50 wt%) to solutions containing 1 g of natural polymers.…”