Biomedical applications of dendrimers: a tutorial

Mintzer, Meredith A.; Grinstaff, Mark W.

doi:10.1039/b901839p

Cited by 614 publications

(462 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…7 Biodegradability is an important criteria in order to avoid cellular accumulation leading to lysosomal storage disease in patients. 8 Most dendrimers are based on ester or amide linkages which degrade by chemical hydrolysis or enzymatic cleavage under physiological conditions. 9 Some dendrimers are both water-soluble and biodegradable such as poly(2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-propionic acids (bisMPA), 10 poly(L-lysine) dendrimers (PLL), 11 polyester structures (PGLSA−OH), 12 and polyamidoamine derivatives (PAMAM), 2b among others.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of Cytotoxicity by Combining Pyrenyl-Dendrimers and Arene Ruthenium Metallacages

et al. 2012

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Three generations of pyrenyl bis-MPA dendrimers with two different end-groups, acetonide (pyr Gn )or alcohol (pyr Gn-OH )( n =1 −3), were synthesized, and the pyrenyl group of the dendritic molecules was encapsulated in the arene ruthenium metallacages, 6 (OO∩OO) 3 (tpt) 2 ] 6+ (OO∩OO = 5, [1] 6+ and 6,11-dioxydo-5,12-naphtacenedionato (dotq) [2] 6+ ; tpt =2,4,6-tri(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazine). The host−guest properties of [guest⊂1] 6+ and [guest⊂2] 6+ were studied in solution by NMR and UV−vis spectroscopic methods, thus allowing the determination of the affinity constants. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of these watersoluble host−guest systems and the pyrenyl-dendrimers was evaluated on human ovarian cancer cells. ■ INTRODUCTIONThe synthesis of dendrimers with defined structures is now well established, 1 employing divergent, 2 convergent, 3 and the somewhat less exploited double-stage convergent 4 routes. Since these routes allow dendrimers to be prepared with precise sizes and shapes, and since dendrimers are relatively easy to functionalize, 5 and possess other interesting properties, 6 they have been studied as potential drug delivery vectors. Water-soluble dendrimers have been shown to improve drug solubility, increase drug circulation time, and prolong drug residence in tumors, thus reducing toxicity. 7 Biodegradability is an important criteria in order to avoid cellular accumulation leading to lysosomal storage disease in patients. 8 Most dendrimers are based on ester or amide linkages which degrade by chemical hydrolysis or enzymatic cleavage under physiological conditions. 9 Some dendrimers are both water-soluble and biodegradable such as poly(2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-propionic acids (bisMPA), 10 poly(L-lysine) dendrimers (PLL), 11 polyester structures (PGLSA−OH), 12 and polyamidoamine derivatives (PAMAM), 2b among others. 13 For example, a fourth generation polyester dendron attached to a trisphenolic core derived from the monomeric unit bis-MPA has been evaluated for drug delivery applications. 14 Cell proliferation studies have suggested that the dendritic scaffold did not exhibit a significant toxic effect. The attachment of poly(ethylene glycol) to the surface of this type of dendrimer has also been successful for therapeutic applications, 10b,15 and structure− activity relationships have shown that both generation and steric effect are important. 7 Recently, we have reported the synthesis of host−guest systems composed of water-soluble arene ruthenium metallaprisms and pyrenyl-functionalized dendrimers. 16 In these systems, assessment of the biological activity of the pyrenylfunctionalized dendrimers was not possible due to their hydrophobic nature, and consequently, only the antiproliferative activity of the host−guest systems was evaluated. These studies showed that the host−guest systems inhibit the growth of both sensitive and cisplatin resistant cancer cells (A2780 and A2780cisR) with IC 50 values comparable to those of the empty metallaprisms, thus questioning the role of the den...

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of Cytotoxicity by Combining Pyrenyl-Dendrimers and Arene Ruthenium Metallacages

et al. 2012

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“…29 PAMAM dendrimers have an advantage over linear chain polymers on hydrogel gelation, because they have much more functional end groups available for cross-linking and so the cross-linking density of the resulting hydrogels are expected to be higher and hence their mechanical performance. 30 In addition, the dendrimers could be readily modified to modulate the chemical, physical and biological properties where necessary. 21 In the current work, physically cross-linked GO-PAMAM nanocomposite hydrogels were prepared through a simple self-assembly approach, and their structure, rheological properties, formation mechanism and self-healing property were investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One-Step Synthesis of Graphene Oxide–Polyamidoamine Dendrimer Nanocomposite Hydrogels by Self-Assembly

Piao

Chen

2016

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Graphene oxide (GO)-polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer nanocomposite hydrogels were prepared through one-step synthesis by mixing a GO suspension and a PAMAM solution at varying ratio of GO to PAMAM. The materials self-assembled into physically crosslinked networks, mainly driven by electrostatic interactions between the oppositely charged GO nanosheets and PAMAM dendrimer. The chemical structure of PAMAM dendrimer was studied by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and potentiometric titration.The structure and properties of GO-PAMAM nanocomposite hydrogels were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and rheometry. The nanocomposite hydrogels exhibited a relatively high mechanical performance with a storage modulus of up to 284 kPa, as well as self-healing property, owing to their reversible and multiple physical cross-links. These hydrogels may be further developed for biomedical applications.2

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“…"Click" reactions give a high yield within a short reaction time, yet can be performed under mild conditions and with high atom economy. High yield and completion of each synthetic step is crucial to maintain the purity and consistency of a dendrimer for applications ranging from molecular devices, sensors and catalysts to drugs, imaging agents and drug-delivery systems [51,52].…”

Section: Mri Contrast Agents Based On Dendrimer Nanotechnologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Dendrimer-based magnetic resonance imaging agents for brain cancer

et al. 2018

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Brain cancer is one of the most lethal and difficult-to-treat cancers because of its physical location and biological barriers. The mainstay of brain cancer treatment is surgical resection, which demands precise imaging for tumor localization and delineation. Thanks to advances in bioimaging, brain cancer can be detected earlier and resected more reliably. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most common and preferred method to delineate brain cancer, and a contrast agent is often required to enhance imaging contrast. Dendrimers, a special family of synthetic macromolecules, constitute a particularly appealing platform for constructing MRI contrast agents by virtue of their well-defined three-dimensional structure, tunable nanosize and abundant surface terminals, which allow the accommodation of high payloads and numerous functionalities. Tuning the dendrimer size, branching and surface composition in conjunction with conjugation of MRI functionalities and targeting moieties can alter the relaxivity for MRI, overcome the blood-brain barrier and enhance tumor-specific targeting, hence improving the imaging quality and safety profile for precise and accurate imaging of brain tumors. This short review highlights the recent progress, opportunities and challenges in developing dendrimer-based MRI contrast agents for brain tumor imaging.

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Biomedical applications of dendrimers: a tutorial

Cited by 614 publications

References 111 publications

Enhancement of Cytotoxicity by Combining Pyrenyl-Dendrimers and Arene Ruthenium Metallacages

Enhancement of Cytotoxicity by Combining Pyrenyl-Dendrimers and Arene Ruthenium Metallacages

One-Step Synthesis of Graphene Oxide–Polyamidoamine Dendrimer Nanocomposite Hydrogels by Self-Assembly

Dendrimer-based magnetic resonance imaging agents for brain cancer

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