Biomechanical Analysis of the Intact and Destabilized Sheep Cervical Spine

DeVries, Nicole A.; Gandhi, Anup; Fredericks, Douglas C.; Grosland, Nicole M.; Smucker, Joseph D.

doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e3182512425

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…While much has been reported about the strength of the capsular ligaments as related to cervical stability, when damaged, these ligaments lose their strength and are unable to support the cervical spine properly. For instance, in an animal study, it was shown that sequential removal of sheep capsular ligaments and cervical facets caused an undue increase in range of motion, especially in axial rotation, flexion and extension with caudal progression [ 31 ]. Human cadaver studies have also indicated that transection or injury of joint capsular ligaments significantly increases axial rotation and lateral flexion [ 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Cervical Capsular Ligamentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Animal models used for initiating disc degeneration in research studies have shown the induction of spinal instability through injury of the facet joints [ 68 , 69 ]. In similar models, capsular ligament injuries of the facet joints caused multidirectional instability of the cervical spine, greatly increasing axial rotation motion correlating with cervical disc injuries [ 31 , 28 , 70 , 71 ]. Using human specimens, surgical procedures such as discectomy have been shown to cause an immediate increase in motion of the segments involved [ 72 ].…”

Section: Cervical Spondylosis: the Instability Connectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chronic Neck Pain: Making the Connection Between Capsular Ligament Laxity and Cervical Instability

Steilen¹,

Hauser²,

Woldin³

et al. 2014

TOORTHJ

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The use of conventional modalities for chronic neck pain remains debatable, primarily because most treatments have had limited success. We conducted a review of the literature published up to December 2013 on the diagnostic and treatment modalities of disorders related to chronic neck pain and concluded that, despite providing temporary relief of symptoms, these treatments do not address the specific problems of healing and are not likely to offer long-term cures. The objectives of this narrative review are to provide an overview of chronic neck pain as it relates to cervical instability, to describe the anatomical features of the cervical spine and the impact of capsular ligament laxity, to discuss the disorders causing chronic neck pain and their current treatments, and lastly, to present prolotherapy as a viable treatment option that heals injured ligaments, restores stability to the spine, and resolves chronic neck pain.The capsular ligaments are the main stabilizing structures of the facet joints in the cervical spine and have been implicated as a major source of chronic neck pain. Chronic neck pain often reflects a state of instability in the cervical spine and is a symptom common to a number of conditions described herein, including disc herniation, cervical spondylosis, whiplash injury and whiplash associated disorder, postconcussion syndrome, vertebrobasilar insufficiency, and Barré-Liéou syndrome.When the capsular ligaments are injured, they become elongated and exhibit laxity, which causes excessive movement of the cervical vertebrae. In the upper cervical spine (C0-C2), this can cause a number of other symptoms including, but not limited to, nerve irritation and vertebrobasilar insufficiency with associated vertigo, tinnitus, dizziness, facial pain, arm pain, and migraine headaches. In the lower cervical spine (C3-C7), this can cause muscle spasms, crepitation, and/or paresthesia in addition to chronic neck pain. In either case, the presence of excessive motion between two adjacent cervical vertebrae and these associated symptoms is described as cervical instability.Therefore, we propose that in many cases of chronic neck pain, the cause may be underlying joint instability due to capsular ligament laxity. Currently, curative treatment options for this type of cervical instability are inconclusive and inadequate. Based on clinical studies and experience with patients who have visited our chronic pain clinic with complaints of chronic neck pain, we contend that prolotherapy offers a potentially curative treatment option for chronic neck pain related to capsular ligament laxity and underlying cervical instability.

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Section: Cervical Capsular Ligamentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cervical Spondylosis: the Instability Connectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Neck Pain: Making the Connection Between Capsular Ligament Laxity and Cervical Instability

Steilen¹,

Hauser²,

Woldin³

et al. 2014

TOORTHJ

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“…3a) was employed to provide the specified loading and motion, simulating those of the natural spine with a maximum load magnitude of 4.5 kN along the Z direction, a maximum flexion angle of ± 100°along the X direction, a maximum abduction angle of ± 30°along the Y direction, and a maximum rotational motion of ± 40°. According to the set-up of the intact SCS model, the load of a bending moment of 2.5 Nm was applied towards the X+ direction at a rate of 5.0 Nm/min until up to 2.5 Nm (DeVries et al 2012) to simulate lateral bending in response to the X+ motion of the spine. Under such a loading environment, the C3-C4 vertebral body specimens were forced to bend laterally and then fully recovered their natural posture when the loading system was withdrawn.…”

Section: In Vitro Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can the sheep model fully represent the human model for the functional evaluation of cervical interbody fusion cages?

Wang

Shi

et al. 2018

Biomech Model Mechanobiol

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Sheep model is the most favourable choice for animal study for functional evaluation of the cervical fusion prostheses before clinical application; however, significantly large differences between sheep and human existed in terms of morphological characteristics and daily-activity motions. Questions should be raised as whether the differences between the two species have influence on the reliability of sheep model. Finite element models (FEM) of the cervical spinal system were built to characterize the differences between the two species with respect to the range of motion (ROM) and biomechanical behaviour, and experimental cadaver tests on both species were employed for validation purposes. Results indicate that sheep model represents the worst-case scenario of the human model with exaggerated stresses (up to 3 times more) and ROM (up to 10 times more). Moreover, sheep model is very sensitive to the variation of prostheses design, whilst human model does not, which denotes that the sheep model provides a rather amplified effect of a certain design for its biomechanical performance. Therefore, caution needs to be taken when sheep models were used as the animal model for functional evaluation over various design, and the FEM built in this study can be employed as an effective methodology for performance evaluation of cage prostheses of cervical spine.

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“…In particular, we report the results of measurements of the normal flexion/extension and rotational movements of the cervical and upper thoracic spine made on a series of adult sheep, each implanted with a prototype HSCMS device. A quantitative assessment of the range and rate of their routine behavioural motions demonstrates that this largeanimal model constitutes a type of natural accelerated stress cycling-platform for the in situ evaluation of stimulator lead robustness and provides further support for the utility of the ovine model in studies of spinal biomechanics [14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Biomechanical performance of an ovine model of intradural spinal cord stimulation

Safayi

Jeffery

Fredericks³

et al. 2014

Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology

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The authors are developing a novel type of spinal cord stimulator, designed to be placed directly on the pial surface of the spinal cord, for more selective activation of target tissues within the dorsal columns. For pre-clinical testing of the device components, an ovine model has been implemented which utilizes the agility and flexibility of a sheep's cervical and upper thoracic regions, thus providing an optimal environment of accelerated stress-cycling on small gauge lead wires implanted along the dorsal spinal columns. The results are presented of representative biomechanical measurements of the angles of rotation and the angular velocities and accelerations associated with the relevant head, neck and upper back motions, and these findings are interpreted in terms of their impact on assessing the robustness of the stimulator implant systems.

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Biomechanical Analysis of the Intact and Destabilized Sheep Cervical Spine

Cited by 12 publications

References 16 publications

Chronic Neck Pain: Making the Connection Between Capsular Ligament Laxity and Cervical Instability

Chronic Neck Pain: Making the Connection Between Capsular Ligament Laxity and Cervical Instability

Can the sheep model fully represent the human model for the functional evaluation of cervical interbody fusion cages?

Biomechanical performance of an ovine model of intradural spinal cord stimulation

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