Biomechanical Analyses of Archaeological Human Skeletons

Ruff, Christopher B.

doi:10.1002/9781119151647.ch6

Cited by 115 publications

(290 citation statements)

References 198 publications

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“…We obtained cross-sections at 50% of bone length for the femur and at 40% of bone length measured from the distal end for the humerus (to avoid the deltoid tuberosity). Similar cross-sectional locations have been used in previous studies assessing long bone diaphyseal mechanical performance (Ruff, 2008).…”

Section: Cross-sectional Geometric Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global deletion of Panx3 produces multiple phenotypic effects in mouse humeri and femora

et al. 2016

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Pannexins form single-membrane channels that allow passage of small molecules between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. Of the three pannexin family members, Pannexin3 (Panx3) is the least studied but is highly expressed in skeletal tissues and is thought to play a role in the regulation of chondrocyte and osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. The purpose of our study is to closely examine the in vivo effects of Panx3 ablation on long bone morphology using micro-computed tomography. Using Panx3 knockout (KO) and wildtype (WT) adult mice, we measured and compared aspects of phenotypic shape, bone mineral density (BMD), cross-sectional geometric properties of right femora and humeri, and lean mass. We found that KO mice have absolutely and relatively shorter diaphyseal shafts compared with WT mice, and relatively larger areas of muscle attachment sites. No differences in BMD or lean mass were found between WT and KO mice. Interestingly, KO mice had more robust femora and humeri compared with WT mice when assessed in cross-section at the midshaft. Our results clearly show that Panx3 ablation produces phenotypic effects in mouse femora and humeri, and support the premise that Panx3 has a role in regulating long bone growth and development.

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Section: Cross-sectional Geometric Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global deletion of Panx3 produces multiple phenotypic effects in mouse humeri and femora

et al. 2016

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“…CSG properties are routinely used to quantify the biomechanical performance of bone following the principles of "bone function adaptation" (Pearson & Lieberman, 2004;Ruff, 2008), and to infer activityrelated mechanical loading patterns in long bones (e.g., Ruff, 2008).…”

Section: Csg Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most simply, in healthy individuals bone is laid down where it is needed and resorbed where not needed, and its amount and distribution can be measured using cross-sectional properties (Lieberman, Polk, & Demes, 2004;Ruff, 2008;Stock & Pfeiffer, 2001). Changes in cross-sectional geometry (CSG) reflect the combined effects of bone remodeling on the endosteal surface and apposition on the periosteal surface, which alter the amount and distribution of skeletal tissue across the lifespan (Figure 1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in the patterning of age‐related bone loss in the human hallucal metatarsal in rural and urban populations

Wilson

Groote

Humphrey

2020

American J Phys Anthropol

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Objectives Age‐degenerative features of the metatarsals are poorly known despite the importance of metatarsal bone properties for investigating mobility patterns. We assessed the role of habitual activity in shaping the patterning and magnitude of sexual dimorphism in age‐related bone loss in the hallucal metatarsal. Materials and methods Cross‐sections were extracted at midshaft from micro‐computed tomography scan models of individuals from medieval rural (Abingdon Vineyard) and early industrial urban (Spitalfields) settings (n = 71). A suite of cross‐sectional geometry dimensions and biomechanical properties were compared between populations. Results The rural group display generally stronger and larger metatarsals that show a greater capacity to resist torsion and that have comparatively greater bending strength along the medio‐lateral plane. Men in both groups show greater values of cortical area than women, but only in the urban group do men show lower magnitudes of age‐related decline compared to females. Women in rural and urban populations show different patterns of age‐related decline in bone mass, particularly old women in the urban group show a marked decline in cortical area that is absent for women in the rural group. Discussion Lifetime exposure to hard, physical activity in an agricultural setting has contributed to the attainment of greater bone mass and stronger bones in young adults. Furthermore, over the life‐course, less of this greater amount of bone is lost, such that sustained activity levels may have acted to buffer against age‐related decline, and this is most pronounced for women, who are expected to experience greater bone loss later in life than men.

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“…The concept that bone is adapted to its mechanical environment during life has been widely applied in anthropological studies to understand the variations of past and present populations regarding subsistence strategy and mobility (Ruff & Hayes, 1983a;Ruff & Larsen, 1990;Ruff, Larsen, & Hayes, 1984;Sládek, Berner, & Sailer, 2006;Trinkaus & Ruff, 1999), sexual dimorphism (Berner, Sládek, Holt, Niskanen, & Ruff, 2017) and adaptation to the environment (Ruff, 2007;Stock & Pfeiffer, 2001). Bone adapts to mechanical loads by subtly modifying its mass and architecture to match the strains incurred by the skeleton (Frost, 1990b;Sommerfeldt & Rubin, 2001;Turner, 1998).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been shown that long bones, particularly at midshaft, are loaded predominantly in bending (Rubin et al, 1990) and, as a consequence, measures of bending rigidity provide a means to infer the history of mechanical loading (Robling & Stout, 2003). (Ruff, 2007). Second moment of areas (I) measure the quantity and distribution to quantify bending rigidity or, in other words, the capacity of the bone to resist bending in a given axis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relation between cross‐sectional bone geometry and double zonal osteon frequency and morphology

Raguin

Drapeau

2019

American J Phys Anthropol

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Objectives While double‐zonal osteons (DZ) are characterized by a hyper‐mineralized ring inside their lamellae, recent findings suggest that this ring is also defined by a change in the collagen fibers' orientation. Collagen and minerals are essential components to the maintenance of adequate bone strength and their alteration can modify the mechanical properties of the bone tissue. Consequently, the aim of this study is to explore the effect of past loads, as estimated from cross‐sectional geometric properties, on the formation of DZ osteons compared to type I (common) osteons. Materials and Methods The sample consists of paired humerus and femur midshaft sections (n = 23) of Eurocanadian settlers from the historical St. Matthew cemetery, Quebec City (1771–1860). Histomorphometric variables included in this study are osteon density for DZ and type I osteons (DZD; OPD), osteon area (DZOn.Ar; On. Ar), Haversian canal area (DZH.Ar; H.Ar), and the area within the hypermineralized ring (HR. Ar). Loading history is estimated from cross‐sectional properties including the following variable: cortical and total area (CA, TA), maximum and minimum second moment of area (Imax, Imin) and polar moment of area (J). Results When the humerus and femur of the same individuals are compared, the femur has a higher OPD, DZD, and relative DZD (DZD/OPD). DZ osteons have a smaller area and Haversian canal area compared to type I osteons. The area within the hypermineralized ring in DZ is higher than the Haversian canal area of the type I osteons. Correlations between the residual scores of the regression of histomorphometric variables and cross‐sectional properties of the humerus on the femur were not significant. Discussion Based on the analysis of the entire cross‐section, the lack of correlation between variations in cross‐sectional properties and remodeling combined with the significant differences between humeri and femura suggests that the creation of DZ or type I osteons in the bone tissue might be due to a bone specific response, possibly related to differences in bone tissue age that needs to be further investigated. Definitive conclusion regarding biomechanical loads still seem to be premature as regional variations associated with mechanical properties remain to be explored.

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Biomechanical Analyses of Archaeological Human Skeletons

Cited by 115 publications

References 198 publications

Global deletion of Panx3 produces multiple phenotypic effects in mouse humeri and femora

Global deletion of Panx3 produces multiple phenotypic effects in mouse humeri and femora

Sex differences in the patterning of age‐related bone loss in the human hallucal metatarsal in rural and urban populations

Relation between cross‐sectional bone geometry and double zonal osteon frequency and morphology

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