Biomass energy: the scale of the potential resource

Field, Christopher B.; Campbell, J. Elliott; Lobell, David B.

doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.12.001

Cited by 659 publications

(361 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…In aqueous solvents several studies have been reported for the production of CO, Oxalic acid, CH 3 OH, CH 4 and other hydrocarbons, a.o. Fischer-Tropsch type of distributions.…”

Section: Reaction Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gaseous molecules, e.g., CH 4 , H 2 , CO, leave the reactor from the gas phase and the larger molecules form an organic layer which is not miscible with the electrolyte phase. This leads to a very simple process design.…”

Section: Processes 2251 Conversion Of Co 2 Into Fuels By Electrocmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The basic reaction (reaction (1)) is the reduction of CO 2 with water, giving glucose and oxygen [1]: CO 2 + H 2 O → 1/6 C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 G = 522 kJ/mol (1) Glucose builds the basis for 'biomass', consisting mainly of cellulose, a polymer of glucose, hemicellulose and lignin. Over the ages, in complex networks of sequential reactions, fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas are formed from biomass, in which gigantic amounts of energy are stored, see Table 1 [2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Functioning devices for solar to fuel conversion

Mul¹,

Schacht²,

Swaaij³

et al. 2012

Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification

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a b s t r a c tThis paper provides a perspective on the technologies capable of converting solar energy, CO 2 and H 2 O into an easy to use fuel. The paper addresses bio-based approaches, but mainly focuses on (i) the combination of photovoltaic (PV) devices and electrocatalysis, (ii) single unit operation by photocatalytic conversion, and (iii) solar thermal conversion. Each option is described in a general manner, including a brief evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages. Also suggestions for future research endeavours are given. Based on the used literature data, for electrocatalytic and photocatalytic technologies, dramatic improvements should be made in material optimization, as well as reactor design and operation. Large efficiency gains are necessary to enable use of these technologies in practice. Solar thermal conversion is more mature, and requires specific optimization in processing, as will be discussed.

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“…In aqueous solvents several studies have been reported for the production of CO, Oxalic acid, CH 3 OH, CH 4 and other hydrocarbons, a.o. Fischer-Tropsch type of distributions.…”

Section: Reaction Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Processes 2251 Conversion Of Co 2 Into Fuels By Electrocmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Functioning devices for solar to fuel conversion

Mul¹,

Schacht²,

Swaaij³

et al. 2012

Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification

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“…Emerging demand, associated with the global rise of biofuels, presents linked ecological, economic, and social challenges and opportunities for regions of intensive agriculture such as the US Corn Belt (Hinkamp et al 2007;FAO 2008;Field et al 2008). In the short term, production of corn-based ethanol is exacerbating social and environmental deficits in the Corn Belt associated with intensive row Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10980-009-9358-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landscape, community, countryside: linking biophysical and social scales in US Corn Belt agricultural landscapes

2009

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Understanding the interplay between ecological and social factors across multiple scales is integral to landscape change initiatives in productive agricultural regions such as the rural US Corn Belt. We investigated the cultural context surrounding the use of perennial cover types-such as stream buffers, wetlands, cellulosic bioenergy stocks, and diverse cropping rotations-to restore water quality, biodiversity, and ecosystem function within a Corn Belt agricultural mosaic in Iowa, USA. Through ethnographic techniques and 33 indepth interviews, we examined what was most important to rural stakeholders about their countryside. We then used photo elicitation to probe how interviewees' assessments of farm practices involving perennial cover types were related to their sense of place. Our interviewees perceived their rural ''countryside'' as a linked social and biophysical entity, identifying strongly with the farming lifestyle and with networks of people across the landscape. While most interviewees approved of perennial farm practices on marginal agricultural land, implementation of these practices was neither a priority nor strongly assimilated into rural experience and ethics. We identified three scale boundaries in our interviewees' perception of place which present key challenges and opportunities for landscape change: landscape-community, individualcommunity, and community-institution. In all cases, community social norms and networks-exhibited at landscape spatial scales-may be instrumental in bridging these boundaries and enabling networks of perennial cover types that span privately owned and operated farms. RightsWorks produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. Abstract Understanding the interplay between ecological and social factors across multiple scales is integral to landscape change initiatives in productive agricultural regions such as the rural US Corn Belt. We investigated the cultural context surrounding the use of perennial cover types-such as stream buffers, wetlands, cellulosic bioenergy stocks, and diverse cropping rotations-to restore water quality, biodiversity, and ecosystem function within a Corn Belt agricultural mosaic in Iowa, USA. Through ethnographic techniques and 33 in-depth interviews, we examined what was most important to rural stakeholders about their countryside. We then used photo elicitation to probe how interviewees' assessments of farm practices involving perennial cover types were related to their sense of place. Our interviewees perceived their rural ''countryside'' as a linked social and biophysical entity, identifying strongly with the farming lifestyle and with networks of people across the landscape. While most interviewees approved of perennial farm practices on marginal agricultural land, implementation of these practices was neither a priority nor strongly assimilated into rural experience and ethics. We identified three scale boundarie...

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“…A solution to the food-fuel dilemma could be the use of abandoned agricultural land. However, studies indicate that the global potential of such areas may be limited to 5-8% of the global energy consumption [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%