Biomarkers for Temporomandibular Disorders: Current Status and Future Directions

Zwiri, Abdalwhab M. A.; Al-Hatamleh, Mohammad A. I.; Ahmad, Wan Muhamad Amir Bin W; Asif, Jawaad Ahmed; Khoo, Suan Phaik; Husein, Adam; Ab‐Ghani, Zuryati; Kassim, Nur Karyatee

doi:10.3390/diagnostics10050303

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 121 publications

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“…Interestingly, IL-6 level at the synovial fluid has been widely associated with TMD ( 171 ). IL-6 level is undetectable in synovial fluid from healthy controls ( 172 , 173 ), but it is increased in that from patients with chronic TMD ( 174 ).…”

Section: Masticatory Muscles and Bones As Secretory Tissues Muscle-bmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle-Bone Crosstalk in the Masticatory System: From Biomechanical to Molecular Interactions

et al. 2021

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The masticatory system is a complex and highly organized group of structures, including craniofacial bones (maxillae and mandible), muscles, teeth, joints, and neurovascular elements. While the musculoskeletal structures of the head and neck are known to have a different embryonic origin, morphology, biomechanical demands, and biochemical characteristics than the trunk and limbs, their particular molecular basis and cell biology have been much less explored. In the last decade, the concept of muscle-bone crosstalk has emerged, comprising both the loads generated during muscle contraction and a biochemical component through soluble molecules. Bone cells embedded in the mineralized tissue respond to the biomechanical input by releasing molecular factors that impact the homeostasis of the attaching skeletal muscle. In the same way, muscle-derived factors act as soluble signals that modulate the remodeling process of the underlying bones. This concept of muscle-bone crosstalk at a molecular level is particularly interesting in the mandible, due to its tight anatomical relationship with one of the biggest and strongest masticatory muscles, the masseter. However, despite the close physical and physiological interaction of both tissues for proper functioning, this topic has been poorly addressed. Here we present one of the most detailed reviews of the literature to date regarding the biomechanical and biochemical interaction between muscles and bones of the masticatory system, both during development and in physiological or pathological remodeling processes. Evidence related to how masticatory function shapes the craniofacial bones is discussed, and a proposal presented that the masticatory muscles and craniofacial bones serve as secretory tissues. We furthermore discuss our current findings of myokines-release from masseter muscle in physiological conditions, during functional adaptation or pathology, and their putative role as bone-modulators in the craniofacial system. Finally, we address the physiological implications of the crosstalk between muscles and bones in the masticatory system, analyzing pathologies or clinical procedures in which the alteration of one of them affects the homeostasis of the other. Unveiling the mechanisms of muscle-bone crosstalk in the masticatory system opens broad possibilities for understanding and treating temporomandibular disorders, which severely impair the quality of life, with a high cost for diagnosis and management.

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Section: Masticatory Muscles and Bones As Secretory Tissues Muscle-bmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle-Bone Crosstalk in the Masticatory System: From Biomechanical to Molecular Interactions

et al. 2021

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“…Researchers have also classified the pain biomarkers based on the method of acquisition such as direct physiological measures, bio samples, genetic testing, and imaging. 19 – 21 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive review on biomarkers associated with painful temporomandibular disorders

Shrivastava

Battaglino

2021

Int J Oral Sci

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Pain of the orofacial region is the primary complaint for which patients seek treatment. Of all the orofacial pain conditions, one condition that possess a significant global health problem is temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Patients with TMD typically frequently complaints of pain as a symptom. TMD can occur due to complex interplay between peripheral and central sensitization, endogenous modulatory pathways, and cortical processing. For diagnosis of TMD pain a descriptive history, clinical assessment, and imaging is needed. However, due to the complex nature of pain an additional step is needed to render a definitive TMD diagnosis. In this review we explicate the role of different biomarkers involved in painful TMD. In painful TMD conditions, the role of biomarkers is still elusive. We believe that the identification of biomarkers associated with painful TMD may stimulate researchers and clinician to understand the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of TMD and help them in developing newer methods for the diagnosis and management of TMD. Therefore, to understand the potential relationship of biomarkers, and painful TMD we categorize the biomarkers as molecular biomarkers, neuroimaging biomarkers and sensory biomarkers. In addition, we will briefly discuss pain genetics and the role of potential microRNA (miRNA) involved in TMD pain.

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“…The role of biomarkers for the diagnosis of oral cancers, temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD), periodontal disease, and caries have been actively investigated (17)(18)(19). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptor (TNFR) 2 have been identified as biomarkers for diagnosis as well as treatment in terms of reduction of inflammation and pain of TMD (20). Salivary microRNAs have been studied as possible diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for oral cancers and periodontal disease (18).…”

Section: Role Of Biomarkers In Oral Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mini Review: The Potential Biomarkers for Non-invasive Diagnosis of Pulpal Inflammation

et al. 2021

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For assessing the adequacy of vital pulp therapy for an inflamed pulp, the use of non-invasive diagnostic tools is necessary to avoid further damage to the teeth. Detection of biomarkers that are indicative of the inflammatory status in pulp can be a promising tool for this purpose. These biomarkers need to be reliably correlated with pulpal inflammation and to be easily detected without pulp exposure. This mini-review article aims to review biomarkers that are present in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in inflamed pulp conditions. Several studies have reported the availability of various biomarkers including cytokines, proteases, elastase, neuropeptides, and growth factors. Non-invasive pulpal diagnostic methods will be useful as well to determine reversibility, irreversibility, or necrosis of inflamed pulp. These types of molecular diagnoses via analyzing the proteome have revolutionized the medical field, and are one of the most promising empirical methodologies that a clinician can utilize for the proactive identification of pulpal disease.

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Biomarkers for Temporomandibular Disorders: Current Status and Future Directions

Cited by 20 publications

References 121 publications

Muscle-Bone Crosstalk in the Masticatory System: From Biomechanical to Molecular Interactions

Muscle-Bone Crosstalk in the Masticatory System: From Biomechanical to Molecular Interactions

A comprehensive review on biomarkers associated with painful temporomandibular disorders

A Mini Review: The Potential Biomarkers for Non-invasive Diagnosis of Pulpal Inflammation

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