Biology of cervical carcinoma

Abstract

Cervical cancer is generally a locoregional disease. The endopelvic fascia envelops the cervix in anterior‐posterior fashion and serves as a natural barrier. Thus, cervical cancer preferentially grows to the parametria and involves the ureters before it infiltrates the bladder or rectum. Disease stage, grade, cell type, tumor volume, depth of stromal invasion, vascular space invasion, and lymph node status are common prognostic indicators. Irregular vaginal bleeding and discharge are the two most frequent complaints. Although cervical cancer is still staged clinically, data continue to accumulate favoring a conversion to surgical staging to improve accuracy and treatment outcome. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 16:212–216, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III and squamous cell cervical carcinoma, and its correlation with clinicopathologic variables

“…In our study, we also found that the tumor sizes .4 cm were significantly associated with COX-2 overexpression. A similar association has been reported by other researchers as well (9,47,55) , although some researchers could not demonstrate any significant relationship with respect to COX-2 overexpression and the size of cervical carcinomas (17,38,39,46,54) . It is well known that angiogenesis is an important factor during the growth of tumors.…”

“…However, the relationship between COX-2 expression and the clinicopathologic variables of SCC are still being debated (Table S1). It has been reported that tumor grade is one of the prognostic factors for cervical carcinoma (38) . However, the relationship between COX-2 expression and tumor grade has not been precisely understood.…”

Serum vascular endothelial growth factor: a prognostic factor in cervical cancer

“…tumor stage, histological subtype, grade, lymph node involvement, vascular space invasion, depth of invasion and tumor size (Table 2) (Kristensen et al 1999;Nguyen and Averette 1999). Serum VEGF levels were signiWcantly higher in patients with higher tumor stages (1.04 g/l for III and IV) as compared to early stage tumors (0.44 g/l for IB) (P = 0.01).…”

The Impaction of Laparoscopic versus Laparotomy for Lymphovascular Space Invasion of Early Cervical Cancer

“…[ 7 8 ] Ernsr reported that tumor cell can infiltrate lymphatic tissues in the perineurium and endoneurium and the phenomenon existed in breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and gastric cancer. [ 9 ] Now, a number of studies report that lymph node metastasis, tumor size, and LVSI are prognostic factors for cervical cancer. [ 7 10 ] Moreover, lymph node metastasis has been used as clinical stages according to 2018 International Federation of Obstetrics and gynecology (FIGO) stages, and it also suggests that LVSI is closely associated with prognosis.…”