Biologically Self-Assembled Tumor Cell-Derived Cancer Nanovaccines as an All-in-One Platform for Cancer Immunotherapy

Abstract

Tumor cell-derived cancer nanovaccines introduce tumor cell-derived components as functional units that endow the nanovaccine systems with some advantages, especially providing all potential tumor antigens. However, cumbersome assembly steps, potential risks of exogenous adjuvants, as well as insufficient lymph node (LN) targeting and dendritic cell (DC) internalization limit the efficacy and clinical translation of existing tumor cell-derived cancer nanovaccines. Herein, we introduced an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer αmangostin (αM) into tumor cells through poly(D, L-lactide-coglycolide) nanoparticles and harvested biologically self-assembled tumor cell-derived cancer nanovaccines (αM-Exos) based on the biological process of tumor cell exocytosing nanoparticles through tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs). Besides presenting multiple potential antigens, αM-Exos inherited abundant 70 kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70s) upregulated by ER stress, which can not only act as endogenous adjuvants but also improve LN targeting and DC internalization. Following subcutaneous injection, αM-Exos efficiently migrated to LNs and was expeditiously endocytosed by DCs, delivering tumor antigens and adjuvants to DCs synchronously, which then powerfully triggered antitumor immune responses and established long-term immune memory. Our study exhibited an all-in-one biologically self-assembled tumor cell-derived cancer nanovaccine platform, and the fully featured cancer nanovaccines assembled efficiently through this platform are promising for desirable cancer immunotherapy.

Components, Formulations, Deliveries, and Combinations of Tumor Vaccines

“…Depending on the source of cells, cell vaccines are classified as tumor cell-derived vaccines and DC vaccines. Tumor cell-derived vaccines are a class of tumor cells that are immunogenic but nontumorigenic, and are usually prepared by treating autologous or allogeneic tumor cells with biological, chemical, or physical methods, such as ultraviolet irradiation, high-temperature treatment, neuraminidase enzymolysis, viral infection, or gene transduction. – …”