Biological Flora of the British Isles:<i>Aesculus hippocastanum</i>

Thomas, Peter A.; Alhamd, Omar; Iszkuło, Grzegorz; Dering, Monika; Mukassabi, Tarek A.

doi:10.1111/1365-2745.13116

Cited by 24 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 312 publications

(617 reference statements)

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“…(2004) found hawthorn to be the most shade‐intolerant among Ilex aquifolium , F. sylvatica , Quercus petraea , Q. pyrenaica , Prunus avium , Sorbus aria and S. aucuparia . Bradshaw (1948) noted a more tree‐like habit in shaded localities compared to C. laevigata (see also Thomas et al., 2021). The Ellenberg value for light ( L ) is 6 (Hill et al., 1999) indicating the growth of C. monogyna in partially shaded (rarely <20% daylight) to lit places.…”

Section: Response To Biotic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its sister taxon, Crataegus laevigata (cf. Thomas et al., 2021), is scarce in the suite with Quercus robur and is restricted to long‐established stands. Another shrubby constant in W8 is Corylus avellana , which is rivalled by C. monogyna only in the Hedera helix and the Geranium robertianum subcommunities.…”

Section: Communitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scutellospora armeniaca Błaszkowski was reported as a fungal partner of arbuscular mycorrhiza with C. monogyna in Poland (Błaszkowski, 1992). Recently Brundrett and Tedersoo (2019, 2020) have questioned the mycorrhizal research conducted over 50 years ago for misinterpretation and consider that the genus Crataegus forms arbuscular mycorrhiza only (see also Thomas et al., 2021).…”

Section: Structure and Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biological Flora of the British Isles: Crataegus monogyna

Fichtner

Wissemann

2021

Journal of Ecology

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This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (Hawthorn) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history and conservation. Crataegus monogyna is native to the British flora, occurring frequently in hedgerows, scrubs, thickets and woodland. It can be found throughout almost all of Europe, on all soils of medium conditions regarding pH value, nutrient and water supply. Crataegus monogyna is a deciduous shrub or rarely a small tree of 2–8 m. Its twigs and branches bear sharp thorns about 1 cm long. Crataegus monogyna is of both ornamental and ecological value. During flowering in May and June, shrubs may appear white through a multitude of flowers, presenting pollen and nectar to a variety of different insects. Starting in August, almost the whole shrub can become dark red with the huge number of small red berries (pomes) produced during fruiting. The fruit are a preferred food for many birds. Although hybridizing freely and frequently with the other native species, Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC., the two species are easily recognizable in natural stands in the British Isles. Elsewhere, and with the occurrence of horticultural naturalizations and many intermediate forms of hybrid origin with closely related Crataegus species (especially the similar looking one‐styled species Crataegus rhipidophylla Gand. s.l. and Crataegus × subsphaerica Gand. s.l.) expert knowledge is required to avoid misidentifications and thus inaccurate understanding of frequency and distribution–not only on continental Europe but also increasingly in the British Isles. Identification in the field is further complicated by inbreeding of horticultural stock, which suffers from a myriad of descriptions and given names at different hierarchical levels. Cultivars are commonly planted in hedges and along roadsides or for ornamental purposes. The origin of this stock is not always known, so genetic exchange with the natural populations may lead to introgression and thus genotypes that are more adapted than the local genotypes in a changed environment.

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Section: Response To Biotic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Communitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Structure and Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biological Flora of the British Isles: Crataegus monogyna

Fichtner

Wissemann

2021

Journal of Ecology

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“…We selected Aesculus hippocastanum for tree-regular and Boxwood hybrids for the shrub-regular because they are widely used street plants for major cities throughout both sub-tropical and temperate zones (e.g., New York, Chicago, London, Hong Kong, etc.) (Erzurumlu & Tekinalp, 2018; Harris County Extension Horticulturists [HCEH], 2009; Petrova et al, 2014; Thomas et al, 2019; Weerakkody et al, 2017). We selected ten common shrubs and ten common tree species from street vegetation lists of those cities for shrub-random and tree-random accordingly (Supplemental Tables A and B) (Biodiversity Information System for Europe [BISE], n.d.; Global Biodiversity Information Facility [GBIF], n.d.; The Morton Arboretum [TMA], n.d.; United States Department of Agriculture [USDA], n.d.).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Green at Speed: A Simulated Driving Experiment Raises New Questions for Attention Restoration Theory and Stress Reduction Theory

Jiang

Chen

et al. 2020

Environment and Behavior

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Few studies have investigated the impact of landscapes on humans’ mental status while they are moving at high speeds, such as driving on the freeway. This study used a simulation system to measure drivers’ mental responses to six different freeway landscapes. Each of the 33 participants completed six different 90-minute simulated driving tasks in a randomly assigned sequence. The six landscape conditions consisted of an identical freeway infrastructure, with different roadside landscapes. Results show significant differences between landscape conditions and drivers’ mental responses. Landscape conditions with greater greenness, in general, had a greater positive impact on drivers’ mental status. The barren and tree regular landscapes yielded the worst and best results, respectively. Further, higher complexity was associated with a higher level of negative mental status. We argue that the speed of human’s active movement should be considered as an essential factor in the Attention Restoration Theory and Stress Reduction Theory.

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“…However, horse-chestnut is ambophilous since some pollen can also be spread by wind [59]. Large, heavy seeds are dispersed mostly by gravity [60]. They may be secondarily dispersed by water since natural populations occur mostly along streams [53].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial genetic structure and diversity of natural populations of Aesculus hippocastanum L. in Greece

et al. 2019

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Horse-chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) is an endemic and relict species from the Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot and a popular ornamental tree. Knowledge about the evolutionary history of this species remains scarce. Here, we ask what historical and ecological factors shaped the pattern of genetic diversity and differentiation of this species. We genotyped 717 individuals from nine natural populations using microsatellite markers. The influence of distance, topography and habitat variables on spatial genetic structure was tested within the approaches of isolation-by-distance and isolation-by-ecology. Species niche modeling was used to project the species theoretical range through time and space. The species showed high genetic diversity and moderate differentiation for which topography, progressive range contraction through the species’ history and long-term persistence in stable climatic refugia are likely responsible. A strong geographic component was revealed among five genetic clusters that are connected with very limited gene flow. The environmental variables were a significant factor in the spatial genetic structure. Modeling results indicated that future reduction of the species range may affect its survival. The possible impact of climate changes and high need of in situ conservation are discussed.

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Biological Flora of the British Isles:Aesculus hippocastanum

Cited by 24 publications

References 312 publications

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Crataegus monogyna

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Crataegus monogyna

Perceived Green at Speed: A Simulated Driving Experiment Raises New Questions for Attention Restoration Theory and Stress Reduction Theory

Spatial genetic structure and diversity of natural populations of Aesculus hippocastanum L. in Greece

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