Biological Bottom-Up Assembly of Antibody Nanotubes on Patterned Antigen Arrays

Abstract

Application of biotechnology in nanofabrication has an advantage to produce functional building-block materials that may not have synthetic counterparts. Here we introduced a new type of building block, antibody nanotubes, and demonstrated anchoring them on complementary antigen arrays via antibody-antigen recognition. Biological recognition between the antibody nanotubes and the antigen arrays permitted recognition-driven assembly of ordered nanotube arrays. The array of antigens was written by using the tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM) on alkylthiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-coated Au substrates via nanografting. After antigens were immobilized onto the shaved regions of the alkylthiol SAMs with the AFM tip, antibody nanotubes, produced by incubating antibodies in template nanotube solutions, were selectively attached onto the antigen regions. This technique is very useful when multiple building blocks are necessary to address specific locations on substrates because simultaneous immobilization of multiple antibody nanotubes at specific complementary binding positions can be achieved in a single process.

Impact of defect creation and motion on the thermodynamics and large-scale reorganization of self-assembled clathrin lattices

“…Renormalized dislocation coupling constant KRversus the stretching modulus βksr0 2 (with kb = ksr0 2 /10), obtained from eqn (6). The coupling constant discontinuously jumps from K/(16π) = 1 to K/(16π) = 0 at βksr0 2 = 69, corresponding to a crystalline-hexatic phase transition.…”

Impact of Defect Creation and Motion on the Thermodynamics and Large-Scale Reorganization of Self-Assembled Clathrin Lattices

“…To find ηG, one computes the renormalized Lamé coefficient μR and renormalized coupling constant KR using eqn (6) and find λR using the relationship between KR and λR from eqn (5). Fig.…”

Peptide‐Based Nanotubes and Their Applications in Bionanotechnology

“…[36,49,50,69] For example, this feature of bola-amphiphile peptide nanotubes allowed them to be functionalized with antibodies, which could smartly navigate the nanotubes to antigen-marked surfaces. [33] These nanotubes could also be functionalized with synthetic peptides, known to mineralize particular metals/semiconductors, and this functionalization made the peptide nanotubes smart templates for growing metals and semiconductors in controlled morphologies that can tune the electric and magnetic properties of the nanotubes. [17,70±73] This templating feature distinguishes bolaamphiphile peptide nanotubes from other peptide nanotubes, because the functionalization of the nanotube does not affect its structure and stability.…”

“…Figure 10b shows atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of an example where peptide nanotubes (100 nm diameter) coated with anti-mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG) were selectively aligned and attached onto mouse-IgG-patterned areas. [33] While the more complex configurations of logic gates, such as OR, AND, and NOR, have been fabricated by using microfluidics, [2,113] simple and reproducible fabrication techniques for nanotube alignment may be practical for larger scale industrial production. Peptide nanotubes may be alternative building blocks for microelectronics because functionalization with antibodies allows biomolecular-recognition-driven nanotube alignment, and the metal/semiconductor coatings on peptide nanotubes are quite controllable, as described in the previous section.…”

“…[30,31] Self-assembled peptide nanostructures can be further organized into nanowires, nanotubes, or nanoparticles via their molecular recognition function. [32,33] This smart recognition function can also address the biological nanomaterials to exact locations on substrates where their complementary recognition groups are marked.…”