2020
DOI: 10.1155/2020/8041616
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Abstract: Chronic HIV-infected children suffer from premature aging and aging-related diseases. Viral replication induces an ongoing inflammation process, with the release of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), the activation of the immune system, and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Although combined highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly modified the natural course of HIV infection, normalization of T and B cell phenotype is… Show more

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Cited by 14 publications
(21 citation statements)
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References 192 publications
(221 reference statements)
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“…According to the literature, this chronic immune dysfunction together with a proinflammatory environment fuels the appearance of comorbidities in PLWH [ 5 , 7 , 8 ], including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, metabolic syndrome and liver related problems; diseases usually associated with ageing [ 9 , 10 ]. Somehow, the altered immunity and chronic inflammation observed in PLWH have been compared to changes associated with ageing among the elderly, which seem to appear in a premature way in YWVH including children [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…According to the literature, this chronic immune dysfunction together with a proinflammatory environment fuels the appearance of comorbidities in PLWH [ 5 , 7 , 8 ], including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, metabolic syndrome and liver related problems; diseases usually associated with ageing [ 9 , 10 ]. Somehow, the altered immunity and chronic inflammation observed in PLWH have been compared to changes associated with ageing among the elderly, which seem to appear in a premature way in YWVH including children [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is still unclear whether the effects of the infection on an immune system under development are reversible later in life, as the first group of children infected since birth are now reaching adulthood. Immunological data on this population remain scarce, but a premature immune ageing profile associated with HIV infection has been described [ 11 , 19 , 20 ]. Identification of patients at risk for non‐AIDS‐related issues is capital for this population group, and the CD4/CD8 ratio has been suggested as a valuable marker for routine clinical practice [ 13 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Acquired chronic infectious diseases such as HIV 49 50 also promote telomere shortening. Even in acute infectious diseases, such as the current COVID-19, telomere shortening is proposed as a marker of disease severity and can identify patients at risk of higher morbidity and mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection.…”
Section: Telomere and Telomerase: Biological Markers Of Cellular Vitality Biological Aging And Health–disease Processmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically changed the natural history of patients living with HIV‐1 in terms of survival and quality of life [1]; however, it is unable to eradicate the virus, mainly because of the persistence of latently infected cells. Despite improved immune functions and reduced AIDS‐related complications, HIV‐1 positive patients on ART have a higher risk of non‐AIDS‐related morbidity and mortality compared to age‐matched HIV‐1 negative individuals, due to their increased incidence of a wide range of illnesses associated with premature ageing [2–5].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Chronic immune activation by HIV‐1 is a key determinant of premature senescence: viral persistence induces the activation and continuous expansion of immune cells, that eventually reach the senescent stage and lose their functions [6], and leads to telomere shortening to a critical length under which the replicative capacity is lost [7]. The link between telomere shortening, cellular senescence and ageing is well established [8,9]; shorter telomeres and telomere attrition are linked with increased risk and severity of cardiovascular diseases, stroke, heart attack and mortality [5]. HIV‐1 itself can impair the activity of telomerase, in particular in infected CD4 cells [10,11], increasing the apoptotic propensity of haematologic cells, leading to immune system dysfunction.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%