Biofunctional Micropatterning of Thermoformed 3D Substrates

Abstract

future applications. To obtain biofunctional surfaces, amongst others the mode of immobilization, the distribution of the tethered molecules on a micrometer scale and the microtopography of the substrate need to be tailored. [ 2 ] So far, in vitro studies were mainly carried out on planar surfaces. To permit highly miniaturized and thus parallelized assays with low compound consumption, for instance to test the response of cells to effector molecules, microarrays of protein or ligandcoated spots ranging from 100-500 μ m in diameter can be produced by microcontact printing, spotting or patterning with microfl uidic networks. [ 3 ] To investigate the role of surface bound chemical cues on cell behavior, often patterns of biomolecules, particularly proteins, such as growth factors or cell adhesion proteins, have to be created. Biologically active molecules can be immobilized on chemically modifi ed patterns on the substrate. As in the production of microarrays, spatially-defi ned patterns of functional groups have been generated by microcontact printing [ 4 ] and microfl uidic networks, [ 5 ] but they can also be drawn by dip pen nanolithography (DPN) using the tip of a probe controlled by an atomic force microscope, [ 6 ] or created by mask-based lithography with biocompatible resists. [ 7 ] Another option to obtain patterns of functional groups is chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization of [2.2]paracyclophane derivatives. [ 8 ] This

CVD Polymers for Devices and Device Fabrication

“…iCVD Lithium-ion batteries [16,36] Poly(isobornyl acrylate), pIBA iCVD Gate dielectric [60] Poly (3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10, 10-heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate), pPFDMA iCVD Water repellent encapsulation layer for electronics [54] Poly(dimethylaminomethyl styrene) (PDMAMS), pDMAMS iCVD Work function modification, electron transporting polymer for electronics [66] Poly(3,4-dimethoxythiophene), PDMT oCVD Neutral hole transporting polymer for electronics [19] Poly(vinylpyrrolidone), pVP iCVD Oxygen and moisture barrier for organic electronics [67] Poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) iCVD Oxygen and moisture barrier for organic electronic devices, photoresist [67,68] Polyglycidol iCVD Oxygen and moisture barrier for organic electronics [69] Poly (para-xylyene), PPX parylene CVD Membrane [30,70] parylene CVD Cell culture platform [73] Poly(vinyl cinnamate), pVCin iCVD Photoresist [74] Poly(divinylbenzene), pDVB iCVD Topcoat for patterning [41]…”

“…[38] Micro-stencils made from the elastomeric material poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) created bio-functional square patterns of pyrolysis generated polycyclophane with ≈150 µm size on a thermoplastic substrate enabling the good sealing between the mask and substrate. [73] To achieve higher resolution features, photolithography using an optical mask becomes the most reliable process to achieve fine patterns in the semiconductor industry. One of the current challenges is to shrink feature sizes down to sub-10 nm in a cost-effective way.…”

DNA-SMART: Biopatterned Polymer Film Microchannels for Selective Immobilization of Proteins and Cells

“…For instance, in a previously developed SMART module, the site‐specific, covalent coupling of a single type of bioactive moieties on defined gray‐scale patterns with a lateral resolution of 7.5 µm were produced on the inner curvilinear surfaces of thin film microchannels by a combination of microthermoforming with maskless projection lithography and protein adsorption by photobleaching. These patterns have been validated, amongst other means, by creating 3D cell adhesion patterns of L929 fibroblasts . However, despite the advances in the manufacturing of thin film microdevices, the full exploitation of SMART technology for mimicking vasculatory and other tissue would largely benefit from possibilities to decorate structural premodifications with more than one protein‐of‐interest in order to resemble and mimic natural systems, such as the extracellular matrix, with a much higher accuracy than conventional techniques.…”

Polylutidines: Multifunctional Surfaces through Vapor‐Based Polymerization of Substituted Pyridinophanes

“…[8,5,9] The presence of substituents such as aldehyde, ketone, alcohol, ester,a mine, as well as fluorinated groups, thiol reactive groups,A TRP initiator groups, photosensitiveo ra lkynyl groups in the precursor and consequently in the polymer coatingh as enabled variousp ost-modification strategies. [2,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Attachmento fp roteins, short peptides, nucleotides, and other smallb iologically activem olecules onto this functional coating can dramatically influence the response of adherent cells. [10,11,13,19] Therefore, precise design of surface chemistry provided by CVD enables the control of cell behavior by tailoringi nteractions between CVD coatings and living organisms.…”