Bioefficacy of larvicdial and pupicidal properties of Carica papaya (Caricaceae) leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, spinosad, against chikungunya vector, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Abstract

The present study was carried out to establish the properties of Carica papaya leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, spinosad on larvicidal and pupicidal activity against the chikungunya vector, Aedes aegypti. The medicinal plants were collected from the area around Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. C. papaya leaf was washed with tap water and shade-dried at room temperature. An electrical blender powdered the dried plant materials (leaves). The powder (500 g) of the leaf was extracted with 1.5 l of organic solvents of methanol for 8 h using a Soxhlet apparatus and then filtered. The crude leaf extracts were evaporated to dryness in a rotary vacuum evaporator. The plant extract showed larvicidal and pupicidal effects after 24 h of exposure; however, the highest larval and pupal mortality was found in the leaf extract of methanol C. papaya against the first- to fourth-instar larvae and pupae of values LC(50) = I instar was 51.76 ppm, II instar was 61.87 ppm, III instar was 74.07 ppm, and IV instar was 82.18 ppm, and pupae was 440.65 ppm, respectively, and bacterial insecticide, spinosad against the first to fourth instar larvae and pupae of values LC(50) = I instar was 51.76 ppm, II instar was 61.87 ppm, III instar was 74.07 ppm, and IV instar was 82.18 ppm, and pupae was 93.44 ppm, respectively. Moreover, combined treatment of values of LC(50) = I instar was 55.77 ppm, II instar was 65.77 ppm, III instar was 76.36 ppm, and IV instar was 92.78 ppm, and pupae was 107.62 ppm, respectively. No mortality was observed in the control. The results that the leaves extract of C. papaya and bacterial insecticide, Spinosad is promising as good larvicidal and pupicidal properties of against chikungunya vector, A. aegypti. This is an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of chikungunya vector, A. aegypti as target species of vector control programs.

Carica Papaya; A Paired and Alternative Therapy of Dengue Fever

“…The chymopapain and papain extracts of the leaves are useful in the treatment of digestive disorders. The extracts from fruits and seeds have bactericidal properties [11]. The fruit juice and leaf extract have been demonstrated to have a wide variety of properties including anticancer, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects, and anti-sickling effect in sickle cell disease.…”

“…The ripe fruit has been used against ringworm, whereas the green fruit has been used to lower blood pressure, as an aphrodisiac and to induce abortion [12]. The leaf extract has also been shown to have larvicidal properties against the Aedes aegypti mosquito, the vector of the DENV [11].…”

Papaya: A gifted nutraceutical plant - a critical review of recent human health research

“…This investigation suggests a potential use of papaya in the control of malaria vector mosquitoes (Oladimeji et al, 2012). The methanolic leaf extract of C. papaya showed lethal effects against the first-to fourth-instar larvae and pupae of Culex quinquefasciatus , the LC 50 value of I instar was 51.76 ppm, 2 nd instar was 61.87 ppm, III instar was 74.07 ppm, and IV instar was 82.18 ppm, and pupae was 440.65 ppm, respectively (Kovendan et al, 2011).…”

Environmental Health Monitoring: A Pragmatic Approach

“…These targets range from proteins (enzymes, receptors, signaling molecules, ionchannels and structural proteins), nucleic acids, biomembranes, and other cellular components [63]. This in turn, affects mosquito physiology in several ways such as abnormality in the nervous system e.g., inhibition of acetylecholinestrase (by essential oils), GABA-gated chloride channel (by thymol), hormonal balance disruption, mitotic poisoning (by azadirachtin), disruption of the molecular events of morphogenesis and alteration in the behaviour and memory of cholinergic system (by essential oil) .Though many studies on plant extracts against mosquito larvae have been conducted around the world, we present our efforts on the development of a range of ecofriendly bioinsecticides in this review [64][65][66][68][69][70][71][72] ppm and 390 to 460 ppm. This was the first report on the larvicidal activities of South Indian plant extracts against three species of mosquito vectors.…”

“…The use of B. sphaericus as a potential biolarvicides is limited due to the development of resistance by the target mosquito species. However, there are no reports on resistance against plant based bioinsecticides.The larvicidal and pupicidal effects of leaf extract of Carica papaya were tested against chikungunya and dengue vector, Aedes aegypti; the IC 50 values for larval instars (I to IV) ranges between 50 to 82 ppm, and for pupae, it was 440 ppm [66]. When the extract was combined with bacterial insecticide, spinosad, the treatment increased the pupicidal efficacy i.e., LC 50 : 107 ppm.…”