Biodiversity Data Integration: The significance of data resolution and domain

Abstract

Recent years have seen an explosion in the availability of biodiversity data describing the distribution, function, and evolutionary history of life on earth. Integrating these heterogeneous data remains a challenge due to large variations in observational scales, collection purposes, and terminologies. Here, we conceptualize widely used biodiversity data types according to their domain (what aspect of biodiversity is described?) and informational resolution (how specific is the description?)(Fig. 1). Applying this framework to major data providers in biodiversity research reveals a strong focus on the disaggregated end of the data spectrum, e.g. point occurrence data or trait measurements, whereas aggregated data types, e.g. floras or taxonomic monographs, remain largely under-utilized. We discuss the implications of this imbalance for the scope and representativeness of current macroecological research and lay out how an explicit consideration of domain and resolution can inform data collection, mobilization, imputation, and integration. We use two case studies to substantiate our points. In the first case study, we show how coarse-grained regional plant checklists can be used to predict global growth form spectra at high spatial resolutions. Our predictions are highly consistent with fine-grained empirical data based on point occurrence records and vegetation plots. While such dis-aggregated data produce reliable results only for a limited set of well-covered regions, aggregated data types can provide critical information for the extrapolation of biodiversity patterns into less well-sampled regions. In the second case study, we revisit the latitudinal gradient in seed mass, which has been reported to exhibit a 320-fold decrease between 0 and 60 degrees latitude as well as a sharp, 7-fold drop at the edge of the tropics. Re-assessing this relationship using an independent dataset revealed a much more moderate, 11-fold decrease of seed mass towards the poles with little evidence for any abrupt changes. We show that the original results, which were based on relatively sparse, disaggregated data, are confounded by substantial biases in the representation of biomes and growth forms. This, we argue, amplified the magnitude and distorted the shape of the latitudinal gradient in seed mass. In summary, this talk aims to provide both theoretical and practical arguments for a more integrated biodiversity data landscape, which utilizes the strengths and weaknesses of multiple data types across multiple domains and resolutions in order to produce more robust, comprehensive and informative macroecological inferences.

Species–area relationships on small islands differ among plant growth forms

“…Species richness was affected by climatic variables for herb and tree richness and isolation for shrub richness. Indeed, the relatively strong influence of climatic variables on our results is supported by global trends in growth form composition (Hawkins, Rodríguez, & Weller, ; Keil & Chase, ; König et al, ). The positive relationship of shrub richness with isolation is possibly attributable to the fact that many of the most isolated islands in our dataset were atolls, which are characterized by shrubby vegetation.…”

What we (don't) know about global plant diversity

“…Together they provide the most complete picture currently available of where and how organisms make a living across the globe and how they have evolved through time, with taxonomy providing the link between the other three types of primarily specieslevel information. Here, using The Plant List as our taxonomic backbone, we explore the data available in GenBank, GBIF and TRY, as these are the most complete current databases with fundamental, disaggregated data which has been collected about global plants (König et al 2019). Two classes, taxonomic and trait, require taxonbased specialized knowledge -botanists are required to build and curate such datasets (e.g.…”

Mountain building, climate cooling and the richness of cold‐adapted plants in the Northern Hemisphere

“…This global species distribution information permits the mapping of biodiversity at large spatial scales (Serra‐Diaz, Enquist, Maitner, Merow, & Svenning, ). Together with the increase in computer processing power and the development of bioinformatic pipelines, researchers can synthesize this information and look for large‐scale patterns in species richness that were very difficult to investigate in the past (König et al, ; Šímová et al, ). Due to the historical interest in the species composition of cold biomes and their geographic distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, vast amounts of data are available in the form of occurrences or distribution maps (e.g.…”