Biodegradable Polymers—a Review on Properties, Processing, and Degradation Mechanism

Cakmak, Oznur Kaya

doi:10.1007/s43615-023-00277-y

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 152 publications

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“…Biodegradable rate (%) = ((w 0 − w t )/w 0 ) × 100 (4) where w 0 is the original weight of the sample sheet before the soil burial test and w t is the weight of the sample after the soil burial test at different time intervals.…”

Section: Soil Burial Degradation Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous types of biodegradable or compostable polymers have been developed and are commercially available, including fully biobased poly(lactic acid) (PLA), partially biobased poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), and fully synthetic biodegradable polymers such as poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). Additionally, other biopolymers, such as starch-based plastics and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), have found applications in various industries [ 4 , 5 ]. PLA, a linear aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources like corn, wheat, sugarcane, and rice, stands out as a leading product segment in the global biodegradable plastic market.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sustainable Materials with Improved Biodegradability and Toughness from Blends of Poly(Lactic Acid), Pineapple Stem Starch and Modified Natural Rubber

Tessanan,

Phinyocheep,

Amornsakchai

2024

Polymers

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Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), derived from renewable resources, plays a significant role in the global biodegradable plastic market. However, its widespread adoption faces challenges, including high brittleness, hydrophobicity, limited biodegradability, and higher costs compared to traditional petroleum-based plastics. This study addresses these challenges by incorporating thermoplastic pineapple stem starch (TPSS) and modified natural rubber (MNR) into PLA blends. TPSS, derived from pineapple stem waste, is employed to enhance hydrophilicity, biodegradability, and reduce costs. While the addition of TPSS (10 to 40 wt.%) marginally lowered mechanical properties due to poor interfacial interaction with PLA, the inclusion of MNR (1 to 10 wt.%) in the PLA/20TPSS blend significantly improved stretchability and impact strength, resulting in suitable modulus (1.3 to 1.7 GPa) and mechanical strength (32 to 52 MPa) for diverse applications. The presence of 7 wt.% MNR increased impact strength by 90% compared to neat PLA. The ternary blend exhibited a heterogeneous morphology with enhanced interfacial adhesion, confirmed by microfibrils and a rough texture on the fracture surface. Additionally, a downward shift in PLA’s glass transition temperature (Tg) by 5–6 °C indicated improved compatibility between components. Remarkably, the PLA ternary blends demonstrated superior water resistance and proper biodegradability compared to binary blends. These findings highlight the potential of bio-based plastics, such as PLA blends with TPSS and MNR, to contribute to sustainable economic models and reduce environmental impact for using in plastic packaging applications.

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Section: Soil Burial Degradation Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Materials with Improved Biodegradability and Toughness from Blends of Poly(Lactic Acid), Pineapple Stem Starch and Modified Natural Rubber

Tessanan,

Phinyocheep,

Amornsakchai

2024

Polymers

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“…Examples include starch, cellulose, proteins, and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB). These polymers are inherently biodegradable and can be broken down by microorganisms in the environment [5][6][7].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By providing the necessary nutrients to the microorganisms, the added biomass promotes the growth of microbial populations, enhancing the overall biodegradation process. As the microorganisms metabolize the organic components, they may produce enzymes that can initiate the breakdown of the polymer chains, ultimately resulting in the complete degradation of the composite [6,17]. The success of this approach depends on factors such as the composition and structure of the polymer composite, the specific microorganisms present in the environment, and the availability of suitable conditions for biodegradation (e.g., moisture, temperature, oxygen levels, pH).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradation Study of Styrene–Butadiene Composites with Incorporated Arthrospira platensis Biomass

Bumbac,

Nicolescu,

Zaharescu

et al. 2024

Polymers

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The preparation of polymer composites that incorporate material of a biogenic nature in the polymer matrices may lead to a reduction in fossil polymer consumption and a potentially higher biodegradability. Furthermore, microalgae biomass as biogenic filler has the advantage of fast growth and high tolerance to different types of culture media with higher production yields than those provided by the biomass of terrestrial crops. On the other hand, algal biomass can be a secondary product in wastewater treatment processes. For the present study, an SBS polymer composite (SBSC) containing 25% (w/w) copolymer SBS1 (linear copolymer: 30% styrene and 70% butadiene), 50% (w/w) copolymer SBS2 (linear copolymer: 40% styrene and 60% butadiene), and 25% (w/w) paraffin oil was prepared. Arthrospira platensis biomass (moisture content 6.0 ± 0.5%) was incorporated into the SBSC in 5, 10, 20, and 30% (w/w) ratios to obtain polymer composites with spirulina biomass. For the biodegradation studies, the ISO 14855-1:2012(E) standard was applied, with slight changes, as per the specificity of our experiments. The degradation of the studied materials was followed by quantitatively monitoring the CO2 resulting from the degradation process and captured by absorption in NaOH solution 0.5 mol/L. The structural and morphological changes induced by the industrial composting test on the materials were followed by physical–mechanical, FTIR, SEM, and DSC analysis. The obtained results were compared to create a picture of the material transformation during the composting period. Thus, the collected data indicate two biodegradation processes, of the polymer and the biomass, which take place at the same time at different rates, which influence each other. On the other hand, it is found that the material becomes less ordered, with a sponge-like morphology; the increase in the percentage of biomass leads to an advanced degree of degradation of the material. The FTIR analysis data suggest the possibility of the formation of peptide bonds between the aromatic nuclei in the styrene block and the molecular residues resulting from biomass biodegradation. It seems that in industrial composting conditions, the area of the polystyrene blocks from the SBS-based composite is preferentially transformed in the process.

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Biodegradable Biomaterials

Suhag,

Kaushik,

Taxak

2024

Handbook of Biomaterials for Medical Applications, Volume 1

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Biodegradable Polymers—a Review on Properties, Processing, and Degradation Mechanism

Cited by 11 publications

References 152 publications

Sustainable Materials with Improved Biodegradability and Toughness from Blends of Poly(Lactic Acid), Pineapple Stem Starch and Modified Natural Rubber

Sustainable Materials with Improved Biodegradability and Toughness from Blends of Poly(Lactic Acid), Pineapple Stem Starch and Modified Natural Rubber

Biodegradation Study of Styrene–Butadiene Composites with Incorporated Arthrospira platensis Biomass

Biodegradable Biomaterials

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