Biocompatibility and toxicity of graphene quantum dots for potential application in photodynamic therapy

Tabish, Tanveer A.; Scotton, Chris J.; Ferguson, Daniel; Lin, Liangxu; Veen, A. van der; Lowry, Sophie; Ali, Muhammad Usman; Jabeen, Farhat; Winyard, Paul G.; Zhang, Shaowei

doi:10.2217/nnm-2018-0018

Cited by 156 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…They can be utilized for drug/gene delivery while protecting their payload, targeting it to the tissue of interest, and tracing the delivery pathways via a plethora of bioimaging approaches. [1][2][3] As opposed to conventional fluorophores or MRI/CT agents, nanomaterials offer a large modifiable platform for covalent/non-covalent functionalization with biomolecules, [4] generally yield lower toxicity, [5][6][7][8] and offer an expanded and tunable emission spectral range. [9,10] Even though conventional fluorescence markers often have higher quantum yields, [11] the nanomaterial platforms are generally more photostable and, in the long run, provide more quantitative fluorescence tracking and assessment of payload bioavailability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare‐Earth Metal Ions Doped Graphene Quantum Dots for Near‐IR In Vitro/In Vivo/Ex Vivo Imaging Applications

Hasan

González-Rodríguez

Lin

et al. 2020

Advanced Optical Materials

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Near‐infrared (NIR) emitting biocompatible nanomaterials are desired in biotechnology as higher penetration depth fluorescence imaging probes. In this work, novel NIR‐emissive Nd3+‐doped or Tm3+‐doped biocompatible graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are developed via scalable, single‐step bottom‐up synthesis. Water‐soluble Nd‐GQDs/Tm‐GQDs with average diameters of 5.6–8.2 nm possess crystalline graphene lattice with <1 atomic percent of Nd/Tm and exhibit NIR fluorescence at ≈1060/≈925 nm attributed to the intrinsic transitions of Nd3+/Tm3+. High biocompatibility with >80% cell viability at 1 mg mL−1 for Nd‐GQDs and 0.25 mg mL−1 for Tm‐GQDs makes them well‐suited for bioimaging. In vitro, both GQD types exhibit efficient internalization with their intracellular emission maximized at 6 h. The pH‐dependence of this emission can serve as plethora of diagnostic applications. GQDs enable in vivo NIR imaging in live sedated NCr nude mice with IV administration: their NIR emission maximized at 6 h post‐injection is primarily detected in intestine, kidneys, liver, and spleen, however, diminishing to none at 48 h. Ex vivo organ/slice imaging shows significant Tm‐GQD fluorescence signatures in the aforementioned organs/slices. This capability of NIR fluorescence imaging in cells, tissues, and real‐time detection in live animals makes biocompatible rare‐earth metal‐doped GQDs an attractive new candidate for in vitro/in vivo/ex vivo theranostics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare‐Earth Metal Ions Doped Graphene Quantum Dots for Near‐IR In Vitro/In Vivo/Ex Vivo Imaging Applications

Hasan

González-Rodríguez

Lin

et al. 2020

Advanced Optical Materials

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“…We speculated that increased concentration of NPs may cause apoptosis in cells, however, the mechanism of nanoparticle toxicity is still unclear. It may be caused by the combination of higher concentrations of nanoparticles and cell membranes for a long time, causing oxidative stress and producing more single-line oxygen or oxidizing active substances, needing to continue to explore and observe in future research [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocompatibility Profile and In Vitro Cellular Uptake of Self-assembled Alginate Nanoparticles

Zhang

Zhao

et al. 2019

Molecules

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Polymeric nanoparticles could offer promising controlled drug delivery. The biocompatibility is of extreme importance for future applications in humans. Self-assembled polymeric nanoparticles based on phenylalanine ethyl ester (PAE)-modified alginate (Alg) had been successfully prepared and characterized in our lab. However, little is known about their interaction with cells and other biological systems. In this study, nanoparticles (NPs) based on PAE-Alg conjugates (PEA-NPs) with different degree of substitution (DS) were prepared and investigated. Our results showed that PEA-NPs had no effects on the proliferation of the human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells at concentrations up to 1000 μg/mL. Furthermore, the in vitro cellular uptake profile of PEA-NPs, concerning several parameters involved in the application of therapeutic or diagnostic NPs, such as NPs concentration, time and temperature, was described. Different NPs have been adopted for cellular uptake studies and the NPs internalized into Caco-2 cells were quantified. Cellular uptake efficiency could reach 60% within 4 h. PEA-NPs also showed greater cell permeability than oleoyl alginate ester nanoparticles (OAE-NPs) previously prepared in our lab. Our studies reveal that NPs based on PEA conjugate are promising nanosystems for cellular delivery.

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“…The cell uptake is governed by their physiochemical characteristics, such as size, shape, and surface chemistry. Moreover their therapeutic usefulness is governed by their ease of functionalisation, and their magnetic and optical properties [38,39]. Moreover, NPs also allow improved delivery of poorly soluble drugs, and can be tailored for either active or passive targeting of specific cells or tissues.…”

Section: Therapeutic Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multivalent nanomedicines to treat COVID-19: A slow train coming

Tabish

Hamblin

2020

Nano Today

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The high transmission rate and serious consequences of the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic make it challenging and urgent to identify viral pathogens and understand their intrinsic resistance mechanisms, to pave the way for new approaches to combat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Multivalent interactions are responsible for performing a broad range of biological functions in normal cells, such as cell-cell communication and adhesion. Multivalency underlies the reversibility of ligand-receptor interactions during infections. Previous studies into multivalent nanomedicines used against viruses, have revealed their ability, not only to probe the molecular processes of viral infections, but also to target pathogen-host cell binding with minimal collateral damage to normal cells. Nanomedicines are comparable in size to viruses and to cell receptor complexes (that mediate viral uptake), and can function as safe and accurate armoured vehicles to facilitate the transport of anti-viral drugs. Multivalent nanomedicines can be designed to avoid binding to extracellular serum proteins, and ultimately lead to destruction of the viruses. This brief perspective highlights the potential of innovative smart and safe multivalent nanomedicines that could target multiple viral factors involved in infections at cellular levels. For instance it is possible to target viral spike protein mediated entry pathways, as well as viral replication and cell lysis. Nanomedicine-based approaches could open new opportunities for anti-coronavirus therapies.

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Biocompatibility and toxicity of graphene quantum dots for potential application in photodynamic therapy

Abstract: Abstract:Aim: Achieving reliably high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) remains challenging. Graphene quantum dots (GQD) hold great promise for PDT. However, the photochemical processes leading to GQD-

Cited by 156 publications

References 64 publications

Rare‐Earth Metal Ions Doped Graphene Quantum Dots for Near‐IR In Vitro/In Vivo/Ex Vivo Imaging Applications

Rare‐Earth Metal Ions Doped Graphene Quantum Dots for Near‐IR In Vitro/In Vivo/Ex Vivo Imaging Applications

Biocompatibility Profile and In Vitro Cellular Uptake of Self-assembled Alginate Nanoparticles

Multivalent nanomedicines to treat COVID-19: A slow train coming

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