Biochemistry and metabolism of mycotoxins: A review

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to review the biochemistry and metabolism of aflatoxins, fumonisins and trichothecenes. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic species of fungi, which can cause toxic effects in humans and animals. Food contamination by mycotoxins has been reported worldwide, mostly in foods that are susceptible to fungal growth, such as grains and cereals. Mycotoxins can lead to damage to health, and economic losses in agriculture. The most common mycotoxins found in routine food consumption and with consumption limits set by many countries, including Brazil, are: aflatoxins B 1 , B 2 , G 1 e G 2 , ochatoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin and fumonisin. The better understanding of the biochemistry and metabolism of mycotoxins is necessary to avoid problems caused by them and minimize their negative effects on agriculture and health.

QUALIDADE DE SEMENTES DE Phaseolus vulgaris L. NO CONTEXTO DA SUSTENTABILIDADE

“…Além disso, em condições favoráveis, alguns gêneros de fungos de armazenamento produzem substâncias toxicas para seres humanos e animais, com implicações negativas a saúde publica e a economia e a economia (HEIDTMANN-BEMVENUTI et al, 2011;MARTINEZ et al, 2014;LIMA et al, 2015;MOTTA et al, 2015), podendo causar contaminações ambientais, no solo (HARTMANN et al, 2008) e na água (KOLPIN et al, 2014;RIBEIRO & TIRITAN, 2015).…”

QUALIDADE DE SEMENTES DE Phaseolus vulgaris L. NO CONTEXTO DA SUSTENTABILIDADE

“…Além disso, em condições favoráveis, alguns gêneros de fungos de armazenamento produzem substâncias toxicas para seres humanos e animais, com implicações negativas a saúde publica e a economia e a economia (HEIDTMANN-BEMVENUTI et al, 2011;MARTINEZ et al, 2014;LIMA et al, 2015;MOTTA et al, 2015), podendo causar contaminações ambientais, no solo (HARTMANN et al, 2008) e na água (KOLPIN et al, 2014;RIBEIRO & TIRITAN, 2015).…”

Modulation of Intestinal Epithelial Permeability in Differentiated Caco-2 Cells Exposed to Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A Individually or Collectively

“…The antagonistic effect of AFM1 and OTA may be explained by the competition for glutathione (GSH) in cells. Since electrophiles generated from the metabolism of OTA with hydroquinone-quinone reduce GSH to produce GSH conjugates, the hydroxyl group of AFM1 can also be conjugated with GSH [55][56][57]. Indeed, the interactive effects were different depending on the concentrations and exposure time used, the endpoint assessed, or the species applied.…”

Avian toxicoses: a review

“…Fusariotoxicosis is associated with mucosal necrosis. Although there is no specific treatment for mycotoxicosis, birds that are at high risk of exposure may benefit from supplementation with glucomannans and organic selenium, which appear to decrease the hepatotoxic and CNS changes associated with exposure ( 57 , 58 ). Diagnosing mycotoxin intoxication in birds is often difficult due to the non-specific nature of clinical signs, which can mimic infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, or other toxicities.…”

QUALIDADE DE SEMENTES DE Phaseolus vulgaris L. NO CONTEXTO DA SUSTENTABILIDADE

“…Além disso, em condições favoráveis, alguns gêneros de fungos de armazenamento produzem substâncias toxicas para seres humanos e animais, com implicações negativas a saúde publica e a economia e a economia (HEIDTMANN-BEMVENUTI et al, 2011;MARTINEZ et al, 2014;LIMA et al, 2015;MOTTA et al, 2015), podendo causar contaminações ambientais, no solo (HARTMANN et al, 2008) e na água (KOLPIN et al, 2014;RIBEIRO & TIRITAN, 2015).…”

Modulation of Intestinal Epithelial Permeability in Differentiated Caco-2 Cells Exposed to Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A Individually or Collectively

“…The antagonistic effect of AFM1 and OTA may be explained by the competition for glutathione (GSH) in cells. Since electrophiles generated from the metabolism of OTA with hydroquinone-quinone reduce GSH to produce GSH conjugates, the hydroxyl group of AFM1 can also be conjugated with GSH [55][56][57]. Indeed, the interactive effects were different depending on the concentrations and exposure time used, the endpoint assessed, or the species applied.…”

Avian toxicoses: a review

“…Fusariotoxicosis is associated with mucosal necrosis. Although there is no specific treatment for mycotoxicosis, birds that are at high risk of exposure may benefit from supplementation with glucomannans and organic selenium, which appear to decrease the hepatotoxic and CNS changes associated with exposure ( 57 , 58 ). Diagnosing mycotoxin intoxication in birds is often difficult due to the non-specific nature of clinical signs, which can mimic infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, or other toxicities.…”

QUALIDADE DE SEMENTES DE Phaseolus vulgaris L. NO CONTEXTO DA SUSTENTABILIDADE

“…Além disso, em condições favoráveis, alguns gêneros de fungos de armazenamento produzem substâncias toxicas para seres humanos e animais, com implicações negativas a saúde publica e a economia e a economia (HEIDTMANN-BEMVENUTI et al, 2011;MARTINEZ et al, 2014;LIMA et al, 2015;MOTTA et al, 2015), podendo causar contaminações ambientais, no solo (HARTMANN et al, 2008) e na água (KOLPIN et al, 2014;RIBEIRO & TIRITAN, 2015).…”

Modulation of Intestinal Epithelial Permeability in Differentiated Caco-2 Cells Exposed to Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A Individually or Collectively

“…The antagonistic effect of AFM1 and OTA may be explained by the competition for glutathione (GSH) in cells. Since electrophiles generated from the metabolism of OTA with hydroquinone-quinone reduce GSH to produce GSH conjugates, the hydroxyl group of AFM1 can also be conjugated with GSH [55][56][57]. Indeed, the interactive effects were different depending on the concentrations and exposure time used, the endpoint assessed, or the species applied.…”

Avian toxicoses: a review

“…Fusariotoxicosis is associated with mucosal necrosis. Although there is no specific treatment for mycotoxicosis, birds that are at high risk of exposure may benefit from supplementation with glucomannans and organic selenium, which appear to decrease the hepatotoxic and CNS changes associated with exposure ( 57 , 58 ). Diagnosing mycotoxin intoxication in birds is often difficult due to the non-specific nature of clinical signs, which can mimic infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, or other toxicities.…”