Bioactive Compounds in Food Waste: A Review on the Transformation of Food Waste to Animal Feed

Georganas, Alexandros; Giamouri, Elisavet; Pappas, Athanasıos C.; Papadomichelakis, George; Galliou, Fenia; Manios, Thrassyvoulos; Tsiplakou, Eleni; Fegeros, K.; Zervas, G.

doi:10.3390/foods9030291

Cited by 121 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…In the European Union, the Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC proposed the following waste management hierarchy: prevention, processing for reuse, recycling, energy recovery and disposal [ 4 ]. In this scenario, several authors [ 5 , 6 , 7 ] have suggested that the use of less food-competing foodstuffs in animal diets is a potential strategy for reducing food–feed competition and mitigating the environmental impact of livestock. This approach is particularly pertinent when coupled with other strategies such as improvements in livestock productivity [ 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle for Food Waste: A Second Life for Fresh-Cut Leafy Salad Crops in Animal Diets

Pinotti

Manoni

Fumagalli

et al. 2020

Animals

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The world’s population is growing rapidly, which means that the environmental impact of food production needs to be reduced and that food should be considered as something precious and not wasted. Moreover, an urgent challenge facing the planet is the competition between the food produced for humans and the feed for animals. There are various solutions such as the use of plant/vegetable by-products (PBPs) and former foodstuffs, which are the co/by-products of processing industries, or the food losses generated by the food production chain for human consumption. This paper reviews the by-co-products derived from the transformation of fresh-cut leafy salad crops. A preliminary nutritional evaluation of these materials is thus proposed. Based on their composition and nutritional features, in some cases similar to fresh forage and grasses, this biomass seems to be a suitable feedstuff for selected farm animals, such as ruminants. In conclusion, although the present data are not exhaustive and further studies are needed to weigh up the possible advantages and disadvantages of these materials, fresh-cut leafy salad crops represent a potential unconventional feed ingredient that could help in exploiting the circular economy in livestock production, thereby improving sustainability.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle for Food Waste: A Second Life for Fresh-Cut Leafy Salad Crops in Animal Diets

Pinotti

Manoni

Fumagalli

et al. 2020

Animals

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“…In the last decades, the pharmaceutical industry has become aware that the bio-waste originating from grapes and apples processing can be an important source of phytochemicals to be destined to cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries [ 1 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. As a consequence, bio-waste has being recently used for the production of dietary supplements, functional foods, food additives and nutraceuticals for human consumption [ 4 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotoxicity Assessment of Three Nutraceuticals Containing Natural Antioxidants Extracted from Agri-Food Waste Biomasses

Badolati

Masselli

Maisto

et al. 2020

Foods

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Grapes and apples are the most cultivated fruits in the Mediterranean basin and their agricultural processing is responsible for the production of a large amount of bio-waste. The reuse of this food biomass would increase the volume of recyclable/renewable biomaterial and lower the environmental impact due to the increasing demand for these biological products. To this purpose, agri-food waste from grape and apple processing have become an important source of phytochemicals, and many pharmaceutical industries are using it as starting material to produce dietary supplements, functional foods, and food additives for human consumption. In virtue of the chemical diversity and complexity of agri-food biowaste, developers and producers of nutraceuticals are advised to assess the safety of their final nutraceutical products, in compliance with European Food Safety Authority regulation. Here, we use the Ames test to assess the mutagenicity of three nutraceuticals obtained from agri-food waste biomasses: Taurisolo® from grape pomace of Vitis vinifera L. cv ‘Aglianico’, AnnurComplex® from Malus pumila M. cv ‘Annurca’ and Limoncella Apple Extract from Malus domestica B. cv ‘Limoncella’. The results showed that all three nutraceuticals were non-mutagenic.

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“…One way of addressing this impeding issue has been identified as “recycling”. As such, several processes have been explored worldwide in order to effectively reuse various by-products [ 4 , 5 ]. In this context, food waste could be regarded as alternative sources used in animal nutrition, diminishing food competition between humans and animals [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As such, several processes have been explored worldwide in order to effectively reuse various by-products [ 4 , 5 ]. In this context, food waste could be regarded as alternative sources used in animal nutrition, diminishing food competition between humans and animals [ 5 ]. Recent scientific advancement has been focused on characterizing various agricultural by-products for further utilization as animal feed, including potential effects on health and animal performance [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Food By-Products’ Potential for Simultaneous Binding of Aflatoxin B1 and Zearalenone

Palade

Dore

Marin

et al. 2020

Toxins

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In this study, eight food by-products were investigated as biosorbent approaches in removing mycotoxin load towards potential dietary inclusion in animal feed. Among these food-derived by-products, grape seed (GSM) and seabuckthorn (SBM) meals showed the most promising binding capacity for Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Zearalenone (ZEA), measured as percent of adsorbed mycotoxin. Furthermore, we explored the mycotoxin sequestering potential by screening the effect of time, concentration, temperature and pH. Comparative binding efficacy was addressed by carrying out adsorption experiments in vitro. The highest mycotoxin adsorption was attained using 30 mg of by-product for both GSM (85.9% AFB1 and 83.7% ZEA) and SBM (68% AFB1 and 84.5% ZEA). Optimal settings for the experimental factors were predicted employing the response surface design. GSM was estimated to adsorb AFB1 optimally at a concentration of 29 mg/mL, pH 5.95 and 33.6 °C, and ZEA using 28 mg/mL at pH 5.76 and 31.7 °C. Favorable adsorption of AFB1 was estimated at 37.5 mg of SBM (pH 8.1; 35.6 °C), and of ZEA at 30.2 mg of SBM (pH 5.6; 29.3 °C). Overall, GSM revealed a higher binding capacity compared with SBM. In addition, the two by-products showed different specificity for the binary–mycotoxin system, with SBM having higher affinity towards ZEA than AFB1 (Kf = 0.418 and 1/n = 0.213 vs. Kf = 0.217 and 1/n = 0.341) and GSM for AFB1 in comparison with ZEA (Kf = 0.367 and 1/n = 0.248 vs. Kf = 0.343 and 1/n = 0.264). In conclusion, this study suggests that GSM and SBM represent viable alternatives to commercial biosorbent products.

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Bioactive Compounds in Food Waste: A Review on the Transformation of Food Waste to Animal Feed

Cited by 121 publications

References 55 publications

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle for Food Waste: A Second Life for Fresh-Cut Leafy Salad Crops in Animal Diets

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle for Food Waste: A Second Life for Fresh-Cut Leafy Salad Crops in Animal Diets

Genotoxicity Assessment of Three Nutraceuticals Containing Natural Antioxidants Extracted from Agri-Food Waste Biomasses

Assessment of Food By-Products’ Potential for Simultaneous Binding of Aflatoxin B1 and Zearalenone

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