Bio-oil production from pyrolysis of oil palm biomass and the upgrading technologies: A review

Terry, Liza Melia; Li, Claudia; Chew, Jiuan Jing; Aqsha, Aqsha; How, Bing Shen; Loy, Adrian Chun Minh; Chin, Bridgid Lai Fui; Khaerudini, Deni Shidqi; Hameed, Nishar; Guan, Guoqing; Sunarso, Jaka

doi:10.1016/j.crcon.2021.10.002

Cited by 67 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…Recently, extensive research has been carried out to produce bio-oil and biochar from biomass through pyrolysis, showing that biofuels can be generated from first- and second-generation biomass, such as palm, 17 rice straw, 18 corn stover, 19 and sugarcane bagasse. 20 Yet, the massive use of first-generation biofuel feedstock may lead to competition between food and fuel, consequently increasing food prices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-depth study of bio-oil and biochar production from macroalgae Sargassum sp. via slow pyrolysis

Farobie

Amrullah

Bayu³

et al. 2022

RSC Adv.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-depth study of bio-oil and biochar production from macroalgae Sargassum sp. via slow pyrolysis

Farobie

Amrullah

Bayu³

et al. 2022

RSC Adv.

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“…In Fig. 4, an example of comparison of ultimate analyses of the chosen samples with other studies is shown [35,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. In all of the works, there is a little difference in the ultimate analytical results of the feedstock samples.…”

Section: Composition (%)mentioning

confidence: 84%

“…3 [35,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. All of the works show a minor difference in the proximate analysis results of the feedstock samples.…”

Section: Composition (%)mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The elemental analysis of the bio-oil yielded the following results: carbon accounted for 58.30%, hydrogen for 8.50%, oxygen for 33.00%, and sulfur for 0.10%. Terry et al reported on another study that demonstrated EFB pyrolysis at 500 °C [52]. The obtained bio-oil had the following elemental composition: carbon 64.61%, hydrogen 7.38%, and oxygen 25.84%.…”

Section: Effect Of Operating Temperature On the Elemental Composition...mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…With the increase in temperature from 500 to 900 °C, a decreasing trend in the bio-oil (from 29.99 to 20.09%) and biochar (from 29.04 to 10.18%) yields and an increasing trend in the syngas yields (from 36.59 to 64.47%) was observed. Meanwhile, Terry et al [52] focused solely on the impact of operating temperature on bio-oil yield in PKS, EFB, and OPF feedstocks [52]. According to the researchers, all feedstocks showed a mixed trend.…”

Section: Effect Of Operating Temperature On the Yields Of Pyrolysis P...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conversion of oil palm waste into value-added products through pyrolysis: a sensitivity and techno-economic investigation

Parthasarathy

Alherbawi

Shahbaz

et al. 2022

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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In this study, an empirical model for the pyrolysis of major oil palm wastes (OPW) such as palm kernel shell (PKS), empty fruit bunches (EFB), and oil palm frond (OPF), and their blends is developed. Moreover, the techno-economic feasibility of the wastes is investigated to determine the type of waste that would be suitable for the commercialization of different types of products. According to the model results, the bio-oil dominates the pyrolysis process’ product output, accounting for 59.21, 50.51, 56.60, and 55.65% of PKS, EFB, OPF, and their blend, respectively. Whereas biochar yield is 23.21, 23.1, 22.95, and 23.08%, gas yield is 17.57, 26.38, 20.44, and 21.27%. The findings demonstrate that the feedstocks under consideration are mostly suitable for producing bio-oil. According to the economic analysis, PKS-based pyrolysis has the highest capital expenses (CAPEX), while EFB-based pyrolysis has the lowest CAPEX of all tested feedstocks. Furthermore, PKS has the highest operating expenses (OPEX) due to its relatively higher market price as well as higher moisture content, which necessitates more energy input during the drying stage. Among the feedstocks, OPF has delivered the highest profit of USD 17 M/year, with a 22% return on investment (ROI). In terms of investment capital payback period, all OPW feedstocks demonstrated a reasonable period of 4–6 years. Bio-oil is the most valuable pyrolysis product, with the highest market value when compared to biochar and syngas. The established prediction model can be utilized as a solid reference for biomass pyrolysis modelling studies. Furthermore, the predicted values are reasonable enough to be used in industrial process design.

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Physicochemical characterisation and kinetic modelling of wet torrefied oil palm trunk in pyrolysis condition

Wang,

Phang,

Soh

et al. 2024

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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Over 218 million tonnes of oil palm trunks (OPT) waste is produced annually by Malaysian oil palm industry, which can be converted to biofuels via wet torrefaction. This study assessed the fuel characteristics of wet torrefied OPT (WT‐OPT) using proximate analysis, higher heating value (HHV) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X–ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX). Increasing wet torrefaction temperature and residence time increased the fixed carbon content and HHV of OPT. SEM–EDX revealed the presence of microspheres of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF) in OPT wet torrefied at 180 and 220°C for 72 h, an intermediate compound that can contribute to the HHV enhancement in WT‐OPT. FTIR and EDX results revealed that higher temperature and residence time concentrate the carbon content of OPT. Wet torrefaction at 180°C for 72 h decreased the activation energy and pre‐exponential factor of OPT from 301.88 to 171.70 kJ mol−1 and from 4.43 × 1028 to 3.25 × 1012 s−1, respectively, during pyrolysis. The estimated thermodynamic parameters, particularly the change in entropy which generally decreased by more than 140 J mol−1 K−1, indicated increase in stability of certain WT‐OPT.

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Bio-oil production from pyrolysis of oil palm biomass and the upgrading technologies: A review

Cited by 67 publications

References 104 publications

In-depth study of bio-oil and biochar production from macroalgae Sargassum sp. via slow pyrolysis

In-depth study of bio-oil and biochar production from macroalgae Sargassum sp. via slow pyrolysis

Conversion of oil palm waste into value-added products through pyrolysis: a sensitivity and techno-economic investigation

Physicochemical characterisation and kinetic modelling of wet torrefied oil palm trunk in pyrolysis condition

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