Binding of aflatoxin B1 by probiotic bacteria

Peltonen, Karita; El-Nezami, Hani; Salminen, Seppo; Ahokas, Jorma T.

doi:10.1002/1097-0010(200010)80:13<1942::aid-jsfa741>3.0.co;2-7

Cited by 87 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The effective removal of ZEN and ␣-ZOL by all nonviable bacteria suggests that binding, rather than metabolism, is involved. This is in agreement with previous findings on aflatoxins and trichothecenes (4,23,25). The concentration of bacteria in the incubation medium needed for significant removal of ZEN and ␣-ZOL by L. rhamnosus GG or L. rhamnosus LC705 was similar to that reported for aflatoxin binding by the same lactobacilli (3,18).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Binding Rather Than Metabolism May Explain the Interaction of Two Food-Grade Lactobacillus Strains with Zearalenone and Its Derivative ɑ́-Zearalenol

El-Nezami

Polychronaki²,

Salminen

et al. 2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

245

165

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The interaction between two Fusarium mycotoxins, zearalenone (ZEN) and its derivative ␣-zearalenol (␣-ZOL), with two food-grade strains of Lactobacillus was investigated. The mycotoxins (2 g ml ؊1 ) were incubated with either Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG or L. rhamnosus strain LC705. A considerable proportion (38 to 46%) of both toxins was recovered from the bacterial pellet, and no degradation products of ZEN and ␣-ZOL were detected in the high-performance liquid chromatograms of the supernatant of the culturing media and the methanol extract of the pellet. Both heat-treated and acid-treated bacteria were capable of removing the toxins, indicating that binding, not metabolism, is the mechanism by which the toxins are removed from the media. Binding of ZEN or ␣-ZOL by lyophilized L. rhamnosus GG and L. rhamnosus LC705 was a rapid reaction: approximately 55% of the toxins were bound instantly after mixing with the bacteria. Binding was dependent on the bacterial concentration, and coincubation of ZEN with ␣-ZOL significantly affected the percentage of the toxin bound, indicating that these toxins may share the same binding site on the bacterial surface. These results can be exploited in developing a new approach for detoxification of mycotoxins from foods and feeds.Zearalenone (ZEN) (Fig. 1) is a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium (F. graminareum, F. crookwellemse, F. culmorum, and F. semitectum) which primarily colonize maize and also colonize, to a lesser extent, barley, oats, wheat, and sorghum (12,17,20,30). The level of ZEN in human food can be as high as 289 g/g (15, 31). Several derivatives of ZEN, including ␣-zearalenol (␣-ZOL) and ␤-zearalenol (␤-ZOL) as well as monohydroxylated, dihydroxylated, and formylated ZEN, have been isolated from cultures of Fusarium (27).ZEN has predominantly estrogenic properties that are manifested in female swine, cattle, and sheep as reproductive problems (13). Concentrations of 1 to 5 g of ZEN/g of feed are sufficient to produce clinical symptoms in swine (29). The alpha-reduction of the keto group increases the estrogenic activity of ZEN. ␣-ZOL has about 10 to 20 times the activity of ZEN and some 100 times that of ␤-ZOL (24).ZEN and its metabolites act as growth stimulants, and their occurrence in food has been related to the early onset of puberty in children from Puerto Rico (28). The cooccurrence of ZEN and trichothecenes in contaminated corn has been correlated with the incidence of human esophageal cancer in China (8). The estimated safe human intake of ZEN has been reported to be 0.05 g/kg of body weight/day (17).A small number of studies on the degradation and biotransformation of ZEN by various microorganisms have been published. El-Sharkawy et al. (7) investigated the conversion of ZEN by seven genera (23 species) of microorganisms. The metabolites formed included ␣-ZOL and ␤-ZOL and another polar metabolite, zearalenone-4-O-sulfate. ZEN was reduced stereoselectively by cultures of Candida tropicalis, Zygosaccharomyces...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Binding Rather Than Metabolism May Explain the Interaction of Two Food-Grade Lactobacillus Strains with Zearalenone and Its Derivative ɑ́-Zearalenol

El-Nezami

Polychronaki²,

Salminen

et al. 2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

245

165

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“…However, most research has focused on probiotic strains of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Propionibacterium [42,266,267,[270][271][272][273][274][275][276][277][278][279][280][281][282][283][284][285][286][287][288]. Interactions between AFB1 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), L. rhamnosus LC-705 (LC-705), Propionibacterium freudenrieichii strain shermanii JS (PJS) or mixtures of these strains have been shown to be especially effective [42,[270][271][272][273][274][276][277][278][279][280][284][285][286]288].…”

Section: Probioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aflatoxicosis: Lessons from Toxicity and Responses to Aflatoxin B1 in Poultry

2015

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This review is a comprehensive introduction to the effects of poultry exposure to the toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The relationship between AFB1 sensitivity and metabolism, major direct and indirect effects of AFB1, recent studies of gene expression and transcriptome responses to exposure, and mitigation strategies to reduce toxicity are discussed. Exposure to AFB1 primarily occurs by consumption of contaminated corn, grain or other feed components. Low levels of residual AFB1 in poultry feeds can cause reduction in growth, feed conversion, egg production, and compromised immune functions, resulting in significant economic costs to producers. Thus, AFB1 acts as a "force multiplier" synergizing the adverse effects of microbial pathogens and other agents, and factors detrimental to poultry health. Domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) are one of the most sensitive animals known to AFB1 due, in large part, to a combination of efficient hepatic bioactivation by cytochromes P450 1A5 and 3A37, and deficient hepatic glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-mediated detoxification. Because of their sensitivity, turkeys are a good model to investigate chemopreventive treatments and feed additives for their ability to reduce AFB1 toxicity. Transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) of turkey poults (liver and spleen) has identified AFB1-induced gene expression changes in pathways of apoptosis, carcinogenesis, lipid regulation, antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity and antigen presentation. Current research focuses on further identifying the molecular mechanisms OPEN ACCESSAgriculture 2015, 5 743 underlying AFB1 toxicity with the goal of reducing aflatoxicosis and improving poultry health.

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“…plantarum performed (binding to toxin at a rate of 29.9%). Several studies have conjectured that the interstrain difference in toxin binding ability could be attributed to the species of bacteria, cell density in bacteria cultures, the structure of the bacterial cell wall, whether the bacteria cells were heat-treated, the type of toxin, the length of the incubation period of the toxin-bacteria complex, the incubation environment, the temperature, and the pH (6,7,(23)(24)(25).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detoxification of aflatoxin B1 by bacteriocins and bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacteria

Sezer¹,

Güven²,

Oral³

et al. 2013

Turk J Vet Anim Sci

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IntroductionAflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by molds that have carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic effects on humans and animals (1-3). Among the aflatoxins, aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) is one of the strongest known hepatocarcinogens and is classified as a category 1A carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (4). Due to their importance in showing these effects in the consumption of contaminated foods, there is a serious effort made by the food industry to make products safe. Moreover, considering the tendency of consumers to prefer natural products because of the worry about possibly hazardous food additives, both researchers and producers are taking responsibility to investigate new ways as an answer to the consumer expectations.Although the different methods used at present are to some extent successful, they have major disadvantages with limited efficacy, possible losses of important nutrients, and normally high costs. Many workers in the field are of the opinion that the best solution for decontamination should be detoxification by biodegradation, giving a possibility for removal of mycotoxins under mild conditions without using harmful chemicals and without significant losses in nutritive value and palatability of decontaminated food and feed (5). A number of studies have found that some microorganisms, especially lactic acid bacteria, break down or bind to aflatoxins. Researchers have obtained different results in these studies conducted to investigate the in vitro aflatoxin binding/degradation effect of lactic acid bacteria (6-9). Zinedine et al. (10) indicated that the toxin binding level changes in some environmental conditions having different pH and temperature. Supporting this finding, Haskard et al. ( 7) also found that environmental conditions, acid and heating applications, and the structure of the bacteria had an important effect on the stability of the toxin-bacteria complex. In another study, Kabak (11) showed that the aflatoxin B 1 binding capability of probiotic lactic acid bacteria varied in vitro, and in food had 32%-46.5% of the in vitro toxin binding rate. Fuchs et al. (12) found that the effectiveness of lactic acid bacteria in detoxifying ochratoxin and patulin was affected by toxin concentration, cell density, pH of the environment, and whether the cells were viable. Based on these and similar results, Hernandez-Mendoza et al. (13) suggested that lactic acid bacteria bound the toxins to different extents depending on the environment and the amount of bile salt present.Another challenge for researchers is achieving the same good results when lactic acid bacteria are applied to food. First of all, certain temperatures and pH levels must be provided; otherwise, the microorganisms would not show their effects. Probably, a higher number of bacteria would

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Binding of aflatoxin B1 by probiotic bacteria

Cited by 87 publications

References 20 publications

Binding Rather Than Metabolism May Explain the Interaction of Two Food-Grade Lactobacillus Strains with Zearalenone and Its Derivative ɑ́-Zearalenol

Binding Rather Than Metabolism May Explain the Interaction of Two Food-Grade Lactobacillus Strains with Zearalenone and Its Derivative ɑ́-Zearalenol

Aflatoxicosis: Lessons from Toxicity and Responses to Aflatoxin B1 in Poultry

Detoxification of aflatoxin B1 by bacteriocins and bacteriocinogenic lactic acid bacteria

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