Bilingualism and Its Implications for Neuropsychological Evaluation

Paplikar, Avanthi; Alladi, Suvarna; Varghese, Feba; Mekala, Shailaja; Arshad, Faheem; Sharma, Meenakshi; Saroja, Aralikatte Onkarappa; Divyaraj, Gollahalli; Dutt, Aparna; Ellajosyula, Ratnavalli; Ghosh, Amitabha; Iyer, Gowri K.; Sunitha, J; Kandukuri, Rajmohan; Kaul, Subhash; Khan, Arfa Banu; Mathew, Robert; Menon, Ramshekhar; Nandi, Ranita; Narayanan, Jwala; Nehra, Ashima; Maruvada, Padma; Pauranik, Apoorva; Ramakrishnan, Sivasubramanian; Sarath, Lekha; Shah, Urvashi; Tripathi, Manjari; Sylaja, P N; Varma, Ravi Prasad; Verma, Mansi; Vishwanath, Yeshaswini

doi:10.1093/arclin/acab012

Cited by 11 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In 23 studies (Ansaldo et al., 2015; Bialystok et al., 2008; Blumenfeld et al., 2016; Bogulski et al., 2015; Cáceres‐Luna et al., 2021; Friesen et al., 2015; Kousaie et al., 2014; Kowoll et al., 2015; Ljungberg et al., 2013, 2020; Luo et al., 2010; Massa et al., 2020; Paplikar et al., 2021; Patra et al., 2020; Prior & Gollan, 2011; Sadat et al., 2016; Soltani et al., 2021; Taler et al., 2013; Torres et al., 2022; Vega‐Mendoza et al., 2015; Woumans et al., 2015, 2019; Zeng et al., 2019) no significant difference emerged between monolingual and bilingual participants.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Paplikar et al. (2021) suggested that assessments of bilinguals should be conducted in their dominant language and that responses in their second known language should also be considered in the scoring.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, this difficulty emerges when conceptual scores (i.e., vocabulary assessment considering both known languages) are not used to assess children's vocabulary size (e.g., Gross et al., 2014). A recent study (Paplikar et al., 2021) suggested that bilingual adults should also be assessed considering their known languages during neuropsychological assessments. Several authors argued that verbal stimuli in cognitive assessment tasks could negatively affect the performance of bilingual participants (e.g., Grundy et al., 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Executive functioning during verbal fluency tasks in bilinguals: A systematic review

Giovannoli

Martella

Casagrande

2023

Intl J Lang & Comm Disor

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Background Bilingualism is widespread and being bilingual is more common than being monolingual. The lifelong practice bilinguals receive from managing two languages seems to lead to a cognitive benefit. Conversely, bilingualism seems to affect language ability negatively due to less use of each known language. Aims This systematic review aims to summarize the results of the studies on the effect of bilingualism on executive functioning assessed by verbal fluency tasks. The verbal fluency task is a neuropsychological measure of lexical retrieval efficiency and executive functioning. Methods The review was conducted according to the PRISMA statement through searches in the scientific databases PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science and SCOPUS. Studies included in this review had at least one bilingual and monolingual group, participants over 18 years and one verbal fluency task. Studies that considered bimodal bilingual, second language learners, trilingual or multilingual people, and clinical populations were excluded. A total of 38 studies were included in the systematic review. Main Contribution Quantitative analysis of performance did not show significant differences between monolinguals and bilinguals. Qualitative results are mixed, and no definitive conclusions can be drawn about a bilingual advantage or disadvantage in the verbal fluency tasks. Conclusions Normative data based on the monolingual population are not appropriate to test a bilingual population. It is necessary to take precautions in using this task, especially in clinical practice. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS What is already known on the subjectBilingualism seems to lead to a cognitive benefit due to constantly monitoring the known languages to select the most suitable one for each interactional context and to affect language ability negatively due to less use of each known language but also to language ability negatively. What this paper adds to the existing knowledgeThis systematic review summarizes the results of the studies on the effect of bilingualism on executive functioning assessed by verbal fluency tasks, a neuropsychological measure of lexical retrieval efficiency and executive functioning. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?Normative data based on the monolingual population are not appropriate to test a bilingual population. It is necessary to take precautions in using this task, especially in clinical practice.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Executive functioning during verbal fluency tasks in bilinguals: A systematic review

Giovannoli

Martella

Casagrande

2023

Intl J Lang & Comm Disor

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“…Borrowed words (words incorporated from one language into another by a community of speakers) and language mixed words (words from the nontarget languages) were considered as a response in native and other language, respectively. The total score was calculated by adding the correct responses in native and other languages (Paplikar, Alladi et al., 2021).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Language of assessment was determined using the Language Use Questionnaire (LUQ; Vasanta et al., 2010) to measure the language choice, proficiency and pattern of language use in different contexts. Participants having > 70% proficiency and language choice scores in any of these languages (Hindi, Bengali, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam) on LUQ were tested in the respective language (Paplikar, Vandana et al., 2021). Average time taken to complete the PNT was 7–10 min in healthy controls and 15–20 min in patients with dementia and MCI depending on the severity of the disease.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Picture‐naming test for a linguistically diverse population with cognitive impairment and dementia

Paplikar

Varghese

Alladi

et al. 2022

Intl J Lang & Comm Disor

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Background Picture‐naming tests (PNTs) evaluate linguistic impairment in dementia due to semantic memory impairment, impaired lexical retrieval or perceptual deficits. They also assess the decline in naming impairment at various stages of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) that occurs due to progressive cognitive impairment. With the increasing numbers of people with dementia globally, it is necessary to have validated naming tests and norms that are culturally and linguistically appropriate. Aims In this cross‐sectional study we harmonized a set of 30 images applicable to the Indian context across five languages and investigated the picture‐naming performance in patients with MCI and dementia. Methods & Procedures A multidisciplinary expert group formed by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) collaborated towards developing and adapting a picture naming test (PNT) known as the ICMR‐PNT in five Indian languages: Hindi, Bengali, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. Based on cross‐cultural adaptation guidelines and item‐wise factor analysis and correlations established separately across five languages, the final version of the ICMR‐PNT test was developed. A total of 368 controls, 123 dementia and 128 MCI patients were recruited for the study. Psychometric properties of the adapted version of the ICMR‐PNT were examined, and sensitivity and specificity were examined. Outcomes & Results The ICMR‐PNT scores in all languages combined were higher in controls compared with patients with dementia and MCI (F2, 615 = 139.85; p < 0.001). Furthermore, PNT scores for MCI was higher in comparison with patients with dementia in all languages combined (p < 0.001). The area under the curve across the five languages ranged from 0.81 to 1.00 for detecting dementia. There was a negative correlation between Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) and ICMR‐PNT scores and a positive correlation between Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination—III (ACE‐III) and ICMR‐PNT scores in control and patient groups. Conclusions & Implications The ICMR‐PNT was developed by following cross‐cultural adaptation guidelines and establishing correlations using item‐wise factor analysis across five languages. This adapted PNT was found to be a reliable tool when assessing naming abilities effectively in mild to moderate dementia in a linguistically diverse context. What this paper adds What is already known on this subject Picture‐naming evaluates language impairment linked to naming difficulties due to semantic memory, lexical retrieval or perceptual disturbances. As a result, picture naming tests (PNTs) play an important role in the diagnosis of dementia. In a heterogeneous population such as India, there is a need for a common PNT that can be used across the wide range of languages. What this study adds to existing knowledge PNTs such as the Boston Naming Test (BNT) were developed for the educated, mostly English‐speaking, Western populations and are not appropriate for use in an Indian context. To overcome this challenge, a PNT was harmonized...

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Protective effect of bilingualism on aging, MCI, and dementia: A community‐based study

Venugopal,

Paplikar,

Varghese

et al. 2024

Alzheimer's & Dementia

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INTRODUCTIONLifelong bilingualism is associated with a delayed age at onset of dementia, but evidence from community‐based studies is limited. We investigated the relationship between bilingualism and the prevalence of cognitive impairment in a linguistically diverse community.METHODSA door‐to‐door community study was conducted from January to December 2021 in urban Bengaluru, India. 1234 individuals aged ≥60 years participated in the study. Participants were diagnosed with no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or dementia using established diagnostic criteria.RESULTSDementia prevalence was higher in monolinguals (4.9%) than bilinguals (0.4%) (P = .001). The prevalence of MCI was also higher in monolinguals (8.5%) than bilinguals (5.3%) (P = .001). The study also revealed better cognitive function in bilinguals than monolinguals with NCI, after controlling for confounding variables.DISCUSSIONThe current study provides significant support for the protective effect of bilingualism on cognitive impairment in an urban community with extensive bilingual interactional contexts in everyday life.Highlights Bilingualism has been demonstrated to protect against dementia and mild cognitive impairment in a linguistically diverse community with extensive code‐switching contexts. Bilingual older individuals had superior baseline cognitive performance compared to monolingual older individuals. Bilingualism was found to have an independent effect on general cognition after adjusting for major social determinants of health in the group without cognitive impairment.

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Bilingualism and Its Implications for Neuropsychological Evaluation

Cited by 11 publications

References 44 publications

Executive functioning during verbal fluency tasks in bilinguals: A systematic review

Executive functioning during verbal fluency tasks in bilinguals: A systematic review

Picture‐naming test for a linguistically diverse population with cognitive impairment and dementia

Protective effect of bilingualism on aging, MCI, and dementia: A community‐based study

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