Bile leakage after hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery: A definition and grading of severity by the International Study Group of Liver Surgery

Preoperative risk factors for conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy: a validated risk score derived from a prospective U.K. database of 8820 patients

“…18 Bile leak was defined using a standardized definition from the International Study Group of Liver Surgery. 19 Perioperative outcomes were compared between those patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery, and those that required conversion to open surgery. Continuous variables were found to be skewed, and so were reported as medians and interquartile ranges, with Mann-Whitney tests used to compare the two groups.…”

Pancreatoduodenectomy - Preventing Complications

“…The International study group of liver surgery (ISGLS) defined bile leaks in patients who underwent hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery and graded them as A, B & C depending on the severity of bile leak and its impact on clinical management. Bile leak is defined as drain fluid bilirubin concentration thrice the serum levels or presence of any biliary collections or peritonitis requiring either radiological or surgical intervention [109]. The standardized technique of a single layer, end-to-side hepaticojejunostomy with fine absorbable sutures has resulted in minimizing this complication after PD.…”

Revisiting the Safety of Living Liver Donors by Reassessing 441 Donor Hepatectomies: Is a Larger Hepatectomy Complication-Prone?

“…Transient hyperbilirubinemia and prolongation of prothrombin time were not considered morbidity. Bile leaks were graded according to the international study group of liver surgery (20).…”