Bile acids are essential for porcine enteric calicivirus replication in association with down-regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1

Chang, Kyeong‐Ok; Sosnovtsev, Stanislav V.; Belliot, Gaël; Kim, Yun-Jeong; Saif, Linda J.; Green, Kim Y.

doi:10.1073/pnas.0401126101

Cited by 134 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…However, these cells have a high transfection efficiency, and kidney cells frequently support the replication of enteric viruses. Recent reports indicate that down-regulation of IFN-mediated STAT1 enhances animal calicivirus replication (38,39). Down-regulation of the IFN-mediated STAT1 signaling pathway in 293T cells may enhance the efficiency of NV genome replication.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replication and packaging of Norwalk virus RNA in cultured mammalian cells

Asanaka

Atmar

Ruvolo

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

101

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Human noroviruses, the most common cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis, are characterized by high infectivity rate, low infectious dose, and unusually high stability outside the host. However, human norovirus research is hindered by the lack of a cell culture system and a small animal model of infection. Norwalk virus (NV) is the prototype strain of human noroviruses. We report here replication of NV viral RNA and its packaging into virus particles in mammalian cells by intracellular expression of native forms of NV viral RNA devoid of extraneous nucleotide sequences derived from the expression vector by the use of replication-deficient vaccinia virus MVA encoding the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase (MVA͞ T7). Expressed genomic RNA was found to replicate; NV subgenomic RNA was transcribed from genomic RNA by use of NV nonstructural proteins expressed from genomic RNA and was subsequently translated into NV capsid protein VP1. Viral genomic RNA was packaged into virus particles generated in mammalian cells. The cesium chloride (CsCl) density gradient profile of virus particles containing genomic RNA was similar to that of NV purified from stool. These observations indicate that the NV cDNA constructed here is a biologically infectious clone, and that mammalian cells have the ability to replicate NV genomic RNA. This work establishes a mammalian cell-based system for analysis of human norovirus replication and, thus, makes it feasible to investigate antiviral agents in mammalian cells.human norovirus ͉ norovirus RNA replication N oncultivatable human norovirus belongs to the Norovirus genus of the family Caliciviridae and is classified as a Group B biodefense pathogen. Human noroviruses are responsible for almost all outbreaks (Ͼ95%) of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in the United States and Europe (1, 2). Incidents of the rapid spread of norovirus-related illness in the cruise ship industry have led to an increased recognition of the impact of norovirus infections on public health (3).Norwalk virus (NV), the prototype strain of human norovirus, is a nonenveloped virus that contains a Ϸ7.7-kb positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome (4). The NV genome is polyadenylated at its 3Ј end and encodes three primary ORFs (Fig. 1A) (4). ORF1 encodes a nonstructural polyprotein containing the following genes from the 5Ј end to the 3Ј end, respectively: p48, nucleotide triphosphatase (NTPase), p22, VPg, protease (Pro), and RNA polymerase (RNA Pol) (Fig. 1 A) (5). ORF2 and ORF3 encode structural proteins, the major capsid protein (VP1) and a minor structural protein (VP2), respectively ( Fig. 1 A) (4). Expression of VP1 in insect cells infected with baculovirus recombinants results in the self-assembly of empty recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) (6, 7). VP2 is also incorporated into VLPs when VP2 is coexpressed with VP1 (8), and its presence increases the yield and stability of VLPs (9).Since the initial cloning and sequencing of the NV genome (4, 10), many other norovirus sequences have been reported (11,12). Despite ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replication and packaging of Norwalk virus RNA in cultured mammalian cells

Asanaka

Atmar

Ruvolo

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

101

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“…Similarly, a 2.2 kb RNA was detected by an in vitro replication assay with the replication complex of SaV Cowden strain extracted from virus-infected cells suggesting that SaVs also generate subgenomic RNA during virus replication [33].…”

Section: Recombination Of Porcine Novs and Savsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The porcine SaV Cowden strain was adapted to growth in a continuous porcine kidney cell line [31,32] and bile acids and a signal transduction pathway was shown to influence its replication in vitro and potentially in vivo in the duodenum [33]. The murine NoV MNV-1 strain was subsequently shown to replicate in primary murine dendritic cells and macrophages [34].…”

Section: History Of Enteric Caliciviruses and The Discovery Of Pormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hyperimmune antisera from 2 species of animals (pigs and guinea pigs) against porcine SaV Cowden strain were produced using purified virus from Cowden-infected pig fecal samples and recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs), respectively [88]. The antigen-ELISA has been used successfully for detection of the Cowden strain from experimentally infected Gn pigs or cell-culture supernatants [19,33].…”

Section: Immunoassaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Porcine enteric caliciviruses: Genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses, diagnosis and epidemiology

Wang

Costantini

Saif

2007

Vaccine

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Porcine enteric caliciviruses include sapoviruses and noroviruses. Porcine sapoviruses infect pigs of all ages and cause diarrhea in young pigs, whereas porcine noroviruses were detected exclusively from adult pigs without clinical signs. Importantly, certain porcine norovirus strains were genetically and antigenically related to human noroviruses. This raises public health concerns that pigs may be reservoirs for emergence of epidemic human norovirus strains. This article reviews the discovery of porcine noroviruses and sapoviruses, their classification, diagnosis, epidemiology and genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses.

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“…The human caliciviruses, including the prototype Norwalk virus, have yet to be fully propagated in tissue culture, although recent results suggest that limited genome replication and encapsidation can occur using a vaccinia virus-driven expression system (12). In contrast to the human caliciviruses, feline calicivirus (FCV), porcine enteric calicivirus (13,14), and murine norovirus 1 (MNV) (15) can be propagated in tissue culture. Reverse genetics systems also exist for both FCV (16) and porcine enteric calicivirus (17).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Caliciviruses Differ in Their Functional Requirements for eIF4F Components

Chaudhry

Nayak

Bordeleau

et al. 2006

Journal of Biological Chemistry

129

199

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Two classes of viruses, namely members of the Potyviridae and Caliciviridae, use a novel mechanism for the initiation of protein synthesis that involves the interaction of translation initiation factors with a viral protein covalently linked to the viral RNA, known as VPg. The calicivirus VPg proteins can interact directly with the initiation factors eIF4E and eIF3. Translation initiation on feline calicivirus (FCV) RNA requires eIF4E because it is inhibited by recombinant 4E-BP1. However, to date, there have been no functional studies carried out with respect to norovirus translation initiation, because of a lack of a suitable source of VPg-linked viral RNA. We have now used the recently identified murine norovirus (MNV) as a model system for norovirus translation and have extended our previous studies with FCV RNA to examine the role of the other eIF4F components in translation initiation. We now demonstrate that, as with FCV, MNV VPg interacts directly with eIF4E, although, unlike FCV RNA, translation of MNV RNA is not sensitive to 4E-BP1, eIF4E depletion, or foot-and-mouth disease virus Lb protease-mediated cleavage of eIF4G. We also demonstrate that both FCV and MNV RNA translation require the RNA helicase component of the eIF4F complex, namely eIF4A, because translation was sensitive (albeit to different degrees) to a dominant negative form and to a small molecule inhibitor of eIF4A (hippuristanol). These results suggest that calicivirus RNAs differ with respect to their requirements for the components of the eIF4F translation initiation complex.

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Bile acids are essential for porcine enteric calicivirus replication in association with down-regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1

Cited by 134 publications

References 37 publications

Replication and packaging of Norwalk virus RNA in cultured mammalian cells

Replication and packaging of Norwalk virus RNA in cultured mammalian cells

Porcine enteric caliciviruses: Genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses, diagnosis and epidemiology

Caliciviruses Differ in Their Functional Requirements for eIF4F Components

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