Bifurcation in the chemotactic behavior of Physarum plasmodium

Observation of Autonomous Behavioral Selection in Physarum Plasmodium

“…In other words, during escape, the previous behavior is not continued, and the behavioral rules of the plasmodium change. Based on the above results and those of our previous studies [25], we assume that the escape by the plasmodium is achieved by some intrinsic mechanism and determined autonomously.…”

“…In the experiment, we confined each plasmodium in a closed circular space surrounded by repellent and observed how the plasmodium escaped from the situation. Based on our previous result [25], the timing of the plasmodium's escape from the field was expected to be determined by the choice of the plasmodium itself, and indeed, the results in this study suggested that this is the case. In other words, the analysis revealed that the escape phenomenon was not induced deterministically by starvation caused by being trapped for a long time or the repellent response caused by the accumulation of secretions, nor did it occur stochastically.…”

“…Indeed, with such an objective, we performed an experiment to test whether plasmodia can learn under a new situation [21], and we performed experiments to observe the behavior of the plasmodium in open spaces [22][23][24]. Furthermore, in another previous study, we conducted an experiment presenting plasmodia with a contradictory situation, in which there was no single optimal solution [25]. In this previous experiment, we gave the plasmodium bimodal stimuli, consisting of a mixture of attractant and repellent stimuli, and we observed diverse responses of the plasmodia to the stimuli that could not be explained in terms of a simple stimulus-response system.…”

Towards the Definition of Logical Competence

“…And in this regard, it would seem that the 'social' behavior of animals is just a simpler stimulation system than the behavior of humans. However, some inevitable cognitive distortions are also recorded in the group behavior of swarm animals, which shows the strict boundaries of behaviorism, its inapplicability in modeling complex forms of group behavior, in which noticeable cognitive distortions are simply inevitable, and, as a consequence, the same combination of stimuli can give different reactions, which contradicts the basic assumptions of behaviorism (Shirakawa et al, 2020;.…”

“…It turns out that cognitive distortions and violations of the rules of logic are a natural and integral part of cognition already at the level of behavior of unicellular organisms. Their "logical competence" is not perfectthe way computers "think" is significantly different (Schumann, 2018Shirakawa et al, 2020).…”